Philosophy (Code No. 040)
OBJECTIVES
Philosophy, a theoretical enterprise with practical applications, aims at understanding the nature and meaning of life and Reality. It is considered to be the mother of all branches of knowledge. The nature of Philosophy is that in it no answer is left unquestioned. It attempts to understand and explain the fundamental axioms and presuppositions which are taken for granted by all branches of knowledge. The +2 syllabus is designed to give the students a glimpse of the nature of problems and the way they are dealt with in its various branches-Logic, Ethics, Classical Indian Philosophy and Western Philosophy.
Class XI (Theory)
One Theory Paper 3 Hours
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Unitwise weightage Marks : 70
Units Marks
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Scientific Method
1. Methods of Natural and Social Sciences 10
2. Observation and Experiment 10
3. Science and Hypothesis 10
4. Mill’s Methods of Experimental Inquiry 10
5. Nyaya Theory of Knowledge (General Survey) 10
Logic
6. The nature and subject matter of logic 06
7. Terms & Propositions 15
Relation between Propositions
8. Categorical Syllogism 10
9. Elements of Symbolic Logic 06
10. Buddhist Formal Logic 13
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Unit 1 : Methods of Natural and Social Sciences 20 Pds.
Value of Science, Nature and aim of Scientific Methods: Difference between Scientific induction, and Induction by simple enumeration. Difference between methods of Natural Sciences and Social Sciences.
Unit 2 : Observation and Experiment 20 Pds.
Their Differences; fallacies of observation.
Unit 3 : Science and Hypothesis 25 Pds.
The place of hypothesis in scientific methods. Formulation of relevant hypothesis. Formal conditions of valid hypothesis. Hypothesis and crucial experiments.
Unit 4 : Mill’s methods of Experimental Inquiry 25 Pds.
The method of agreement;
The method of difference;
The joint method of agreement and difference;
The method of concomitant variation;
The method of residue
Unit 5 : Nyaya Theory of Knowledge 30 Pds.
General Survey – Prama, Pramana, Pramanya, Pratyaksa, Anumana, Upamana Sabda
LOGIC
Unit 6: The nature and scope of logic 14 Pds.
What is Logic? Use and application of Logic. Difference between Truth and Validity
Unit 7 : Terms and Propositions 30 Pds
Definition of Term; Denotation and Connotation of Terms. Definitions of Proposition and traditional classification of Propositions. Distribution of Terms.
Relation between Propositions 12 Pds.
Traditional Square of Propositions
Unit 8: Categorical Syllogism 24 Pds.
Its definition: Rules of valid syllogism and Fallacies.
Unit 9 : Elements of Symbolic Logic 14 Pds.
Value of using symbols in Logic Basic Truth-tables.
Unit 10 : Buddhist Formal Logic 26 Pds.
Suggested reference:
1. Bhola Nath Roy Text-book of Inductive Logic
2. -do- Text-book of Deductive Logic
3. I.M. Copi Introduction to Logic.
4. S.C. Chatterjee Nyaya Theory of Knowledge.
5. S.R. Bhatt and Anu Melhotra Buddhist Epistemology
6. Chatterjee and Dutta Indian Philosophy
Class XII (Theory)
One Theory Paper 3 Hours
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Unitwise weightage Marks : 70
Units Marks
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A. INDIAN PHILOSOPHY 50
1. Nature and Schools of Indian Philosophy 10
2. Philosophy of the Bhagvad Gita 10
3. Buddhism, Jainism 10
4. Nyaya-Vaisesika and Samkhya- Yoga 10
5. Advaita Vedanta 10
B. WESTERN PHILOSOPHY 50
6. Knowledge and truth 10
7. The causal Principle. 10
8. Nature of Reality 10
9. Realism and Idealism 10
C. Applied Philosophy
10. Environmental Ethics, Professional Ethics and Philosophy of Education 10
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A. INDIAN PHILOSOPHY -
Unit 1: Nature and Schools of Indian Philosophy; some basic issues Rta, Karma, Four Purusarthas : Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksa 24 Pds,
Unit2: Philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita; Karma Yoga (Anasakta Karma), Svadharama, Lokasamgraha 24 Pds.
Unit 3 : Buddhism, Jainism 24 Pds.
Four noble truths and eight-fold path; Theory of dependent origination. Anekantavada and syadvada.
Unit 4 : Nyaya - Vaisesika and Samkhya – Yoga 24 Pds
Nyaya theory of Pramanas. Yoga- The Eight-fold Practice. Samkhya Theory of Three Gumas Vaisesika Theory of Padarthas ‘.
Unit 5: Advaita Vedanta 24 Pds.
The nature of Atman, Brahman and the world.
B. WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
Unit 6 : Knowledge and truth
Rationalism, Empiricism and Kant’s Critical Philosophy
Unit 7 : The Causal Principle 24 Pds.
Nature of Cause
Aristotle’s theory of four-fold causation cause-effect relationship: entailment regularity succession.
Unit 8: Nature of Reality
Proofs for the existence of God 24 Pds.
Ontological, Teleological and Cosmological arguments.
Unit 9 : Realism and Idealism 24 Pds.
Mind-Body Problem
C. Applied Philosophy
Unit 10: Environmental Ethics and Professional Ethics 24 Pds.
(a) Study of Physical, Mental and Spiritual Environments
(b) Medical and Business Ethics.
(c) Philosophy of Education
Suggested References:
1. John Patrick Introduction to Philosophy
2. John Hospers Introduction to Philosophical Analysis
3. D.M. Datta and S.C. Chatterjee Introduction to Indian Philosophy
4. M. Hiriyanna Essentials of Indian Philosophy
5. A.C. Ewing Fundamental Questions of Philosophy
6. H. Titus Living issues in Philosophy
7. C.D. Sharma A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy
8. William Lillie An Introduction to Ethics
9. S.R. Bhatta and Anu Mehrotra Buddhists Epistemology, (Greenwood Publishing House, Connecticus, USA)
10. Shri Aurobindo On Education, Pondicherry
CREATIVE WRITING AND TRANSLATION STUDIES (Code No. 069)
Aims and Objectives of the Course
To enable the learners to understand literature as a creative product and visualize the creative process underlying it.
To equip them to approach different texts with skill to perceive their physical presentation, distinctions between them, the writer's purpose, the underlying meaning, attitudes and moods, cultural nuances and quantum of universal appeal.
To enable them to notice the subtext of a literary text that reveals the possibility of multiple meanings .
To enable them to appreciate literature and respond to a text intellectually, emotively and personally as individuals.
To acquaint them with the different literary practices, genres, styles, figures of speech and techniques of writing.
To enable them to write original pieces guided by the principles of different genres of writing in both fictional and non-fictional prose, as well as poetry.
To enable them to learn and use the principles underlying translation from one language into another.
To equip them to translate simple texts from one language into another connotatively so as to retain the flavour of the original text.
The Approach to Creative Writing and Translation Studies
An integrated skill approach is recommended to enable the learners to listen, read and respond both orally and in the written form so that the literary experience becomes a multi-sensory one.
It is important that the teacher perceives the learners as individuals, thus making room for multiple meanings and connotations, depending on their own perceptions and previous experiences.
One of the outcomes of the course would be to enable learners to become better readers and thinkers.
It is recommended that the teacher herself/himself is able to display sensitivity towards literature and model as a creative writer which would enhance her/his efficacy as a creative teacher.
Although literature has creative principles, established forms, styles, even imagery for different themes and genres, the teacher must encourage 'out-of the box' thinking.
It is important to employ both group and individual activities to foster discussion, exposition, expression and contemplation.
Acquisition of Language Skills
Approach to Reading
A variety or reading texts not only differing in genre or text-type but spanning cultures and ages to provide a rich reading experience.
Built- in activities that lead the learners to become better readers taking to the reading text the requisite previous knowledge and own experiences to unravel the meaning/ layers of meaning in the reading text.
Development of the higher order reading skills of interpretative, evaluative and creative comprehension.
Development of vocabulary by perceiving their denotative and connotative role in a literary text.
Development of the ability to deconstruct a text to read between and beyond the lines.
Reading for specific purpose (intensively or extensively according to the genre).
Ten core objectives of the National Policy interwoven in the themes of the reading texts and materials.
Specific Objectives of Reading
To develop specific study skills such as :
To refer to dictionaries, thesaurus and reference material both actual and virtual
To employ the skill of skimming and scanning to extract information
To understand the writer's attitude, bias, cultural and ideological leanings.
To be able to comprehend the difference between what is said and what is implied.
To understand the language of persuasion, exposition and expression of personal feelings and ideas.
To discern the reality from the claim and fact from the opinion.
To develop an understanding of the age and the culture in which a work of literature is written.
To develop the ability to understand the figures of speech used and the writer's purpose in using them
To arrive at a personal conclusion and comment on a given text
- to develop the ability to be original and creative in interpreting opinion
- to develop the ability to be logically persuasive in defending one's opinion
To develop literary skills as enumerated below :
to personally respond to literary texts
to appreciate and analyze special features of the language of a specific literary or nonliterary text
to notice the techniques and figures of speech used for effectiveness by the writer
to feel the sensory experiences evoked by the language and embellishments in the text
to identify the elements of style such as humour, pathos, satire and irony in the text
to explore and evaluate features of character, plot, setting etc.
to appreciate the oral, mobile and visual elements of drama.
Listening and Speaking (Aural and Oral)
The following are the skills that would be exercised during the conduct of the course.
Certain skills are overtly built into the units along with the texts, namely discussion and expressing one's view point.
Other skills that would be developed or honed are:
The ability to render poetry with expression to enjoy and relive the experience in an enactive manner, through poetry/book reading (aloud) sessions
Listening to poetry or any other prose text for comprehension and appreciation.
Enacting plays or dialogues from stories or novels.
Listening to different kinds of text for different purposes
Testing of listening and oral skills would be an integral part of the overall testing pattern Specific Objectives of Aural and Oral Skills :
To listen to different types of texts and distinguish their types/genres, the language used, the purpose for which written and interpret meaning.
To listen with comprehension speeches, lectures and talks and participate actively in the ensuing discussion.
To listen to reports and other expository text and extract relevant information, listening for gist or detail.
To listen to poetry for understanding and enjoyment.
To take part in role-plays and enact different characters in drama.
To develop the art of public speaking.
To read poetry aloud with expression.
Writing Skills
The Writing Skills that the course aims to develop are the advanced writing skills. However, during the course of the activities the learners would also learn the sub-skills of writing and get an insight into the process of writing.
The skills that would be exercised and developed during the course would be:
Sub-skills of writing exercised using a process approach.
Writing as a logical conclusion to a reading activity as creative comprehension.
Integrating listening, speaking and reading as precursors to the actual act of writing.
Avoiding linguistic or stylistic errors in writing.
Using appropriate language, style, format, metre (in poetry), sentence-length and length of the piece or embellishments in a particular genre.
Writing in an original manner while adhering to the basic principles of a genre.
A progression from simple writing tasks to more challenging ones.
Specific Objectives of Writing
To write responses to the questions based on the text.
To write different kinds of text using appropriate vocabulary, language, length and style.
To write expository text: reports, descriptions of people, places and processes.
To write narrative text: reports, autobiography, memoir, stories.
To write reflective text: using ideas and themes expressing one's view and using a persuasive writing style.
To write travelogues and features featuring appropriate illustrations and highlights.
To write essays on different themes concerning their lives.
To write simple stories in a narrative style.
To write simple dialogues on a given situation.
To write a book or a film review.
To write short speeches in an impressive or persuasive style.
Maintaining a diary or a journal.
To expand outlines into full-fledged genres of writing.
To complete poems using appropriate words and keeping in mind the rhyme and metre.
To write short poems within the frame of a given genre of poetry.
CREATIVE WRITING AND TRANSLATION STUDIES (Code No : 069)
Class XI
One Theory Paper 3 Hours Marks : 100
Section-wise Weightage of the Paper
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Section Areas of Learning Marks
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A. Reading Comprehension (Three unseen passages, prose and poetry) 20
B. i) Creative Writing Skills 20
ii) Translation 20
C. Textual 20
D. Portfolio 20
Total : 100
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SECTION A
READING COMPREHENSION 20 Marks
Three unseen passages (including poems) with a variety of questions on different levels of comprehension (literal, interpretative and critical) including marks for vocabulary such as inferring and word formation. The total range of the three passages including the poem or a stanza, would be about 1050-1100 words.
1. Non-fictional prose, an excerpt 250-300 words in length (for extracting information, inferring and interpreting, evaluating and word attack) - 07 marks
2. Fictional prose, a very short story or an excerpt, 250-300 words in length (for interpretation, understanding character, making personal responses, and vocabulary) - 07 marks
3. A short poem or a few stanzas (for understanding central idea, appreciation and personal response) - 06 marks
The passages or poems could be any one of the following types:
a) Excerpts from expository or narrative writing like descriptions, reports, biographies, memoirs or autobiographies or reflective writing like essays or articles.
b) Excerpts from narrative and fictional writing like stories, novels and plays.
c) A short poem like a sonnet or a lyric, or a stanza from a ballad or a longer lyrical poem.
SECTION B
A CREATIVE WRITING SKILLS 20 marks
Three writing tasks as indicated below:
4. Develop a composition of personal writing such as a diary entry, memoir or an autobiography (200 words) 6 marks
5. Develop a feature or a review such as a travelogue, book or film review based on verbal or a visual input (200 words) 6 marks
6. Developing an original poem such as a sonnet or a lyric or free verse based on a given idea or theme, visual input, an incident or event in life. 8 marks
B TRANSLATION 20 Marks
7. Guided translation i.e. a piece of translated text for completion based on the original text (prose or poetry) 04 marks
8. Open translation of a prose piece (100 words) 08 marks
9. Open translation of a short poem or a stanza 08 marks
SECTION C
READER 20 Marks
10. Four questions of three marks each to be answered in 60-80 words based on the understanding
of the text. 12 marks
11. One out of the two open ended essay topics to be answered in 200 words. 08 marks
SECTION D
Portfolio Assessment 20 Marks
The Reader has inbuilt suggestions and activities for the students' Portfolio. 20 marks have been allotted for the Portfolio wherein the following would be assessed:
1. Idea or ideas
2. Sequencing the ideas
3. Applying the basic principles of the particular genre
4. The use of correct and effective language
5. Use of appropriate style
6. Use of techniques and figures of speech to make the writing forceful, effective or rich. The Portfolio will consist of a compilation of all written submission over the duration of the course. A minimum of 15 written assignments each of creative writing and translation would need to be submitted. The submission would include both the original and improved versions of assigned tasks reflective of gradual improvement.
The Portfolio will be evaluated according to the following criteria :
1. Regularity in submission of both class and home written assignments.
2. Quality of tasks with emphasis on creative and comprehensive application.
3. Overage grades of all Creative Writing and Translation written tasks.
4. Oral Communication Skills and classroom transaction.
Conversation Skills will be tested as part of Continuous Assessment. The students can be assessed for making relevant responses to the text, making a point of view and defending their point of view. Students will also be assessed for their ability to read aloud portions from stories, poems or plays. Dramatization would be another aspect which would be used for exercising their spoken skills.
NOTE : The Portfolio can be monitored and moderated at any time by an expert nominated
by the Board.
CREATIVE WRITING AND TRANSLATION STUDIES (Code No : 069)
Class XII
One Theory Paper 3 Hours Marks : 100
Section-wise Weightage of the Paper
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Section Areas of Learning Marks
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A. Reading Comprehension (Three unseen passages, prose and poetry) 20
B. i) Creative Writing Skills 20
ii) Translation 20
C. Textual 20
D Portfolio 20
Total : 100
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SECTION A
READING COMPREHENSION 20 Marks
Three unseen passages (including poems) with a variety of questions on different levels of comprehension (literal, interpretative and critical) including marks for vocabulary such as inferring and word formation. The total range of the three passages including the poem or a stanza, would be about 1050- 1100 words.
1. Non-fictional prose, an excerpt 250-300 words in length (for extracting information, inferring and interpreting, evaluating and word attack) 07 marks
2. Fictional prose, a very short story or an excerpt, 250-300 words in length (for interpretation, understanding character, making personal responses, and vocabulary) 07 marks
3. A short poem or a few stanzas (for understanding central idea,appreciation and personal response) 06 marks
The passages or poems could be any one of the following types:
a) Excerpts from expository or narrative writing like descriptions, reports, biographies, memoirs or autobiographies or reflective writing like essays or articles.
b) Excerpts from narrative and fictional writing like stories, novels and plays.
c) A short poem like a sonnet or a lyric, or a stanza from a ballad or a longer lyrical poem.
SECTION B
A CREATIVE WRITING SKILLS 20 marks
Four writing tasks as indicated below:
4. Develop a composition of personal writing such as a diary entry, memoir or an autobiography (200 words) 6 marks
5. Develop a feature or a review such as a travelogue, book or film review based on verbal or a visual input (200 words) 6 marks
6. Developing an original piece of wrting based on a given idea or theme, visual input, an incident or event in life. 8 marks
B TRANSLATION 20 Marks
7. Guided translation i.e. a piece of translated text for completion based on the original text (prose or poetry) 04 marks
8. Open translation of a prose piece (100 words) 08 marks
9. Open translation of a short poem or a stanza 08 marks
SECTION C
READER 20 Marks
10. Four questions of three marks each to be answered in 60-80 words based on the understanding of the text. 12 marks
11. One out of the two open ended essay topics to be answered in 200 words. 08 marks
SECTION D
Portfolio Assessment 20 Marks
The Reader has inbuilt suggestions and activities for the students' Portfolio. 20 marks have been allotted for the portfolio wherein the following would be assessed:
1. Idea or ideas
2. Sequencing the ideas
3. Applying the basic principles of the particular genre
4. The use of correct and effective language
5. Use of appropriate style
6. Use of techniques and figures of speech to make the writing forceful, effective or rich.
The Portfolio will consist of a compilation of all written submission over the duration of the course. A minimum of 15 written assignments each of creative writing and translation would need to be submitted. The submission would include both the original and improved versions of assigned tasks reflective of gradual improvement.
The portfolio will be evaluated according to the following criteria :
1. Regularity in submission of both class and home written assignments.
2. Quality of tasks with emphasis on creative and comprehensive application.
3. Overage grades of all Creative Writing and Translation written tasks.
4. Oral Communication Skills and classroom transaction.
Conversation Skills will be tested as part of Continuous Assessment. The students can be assessed for making relevant responses to the text, making a point of view and defending their point of view. Students will also be assessed for their ability to read aloud portions from stories, poems or plays. Dramatization would be another aspect which would be used for exercising their spoken skills.
NOTE : The Portfolio can be monitored and moderated at any time by an expert nominated by the Board.