Subject : M.Sc. Chemistry
Department of Chemistry
Semesterwise distribution of Courses and Credits
Semester –I
CHM101 : Analytical Chemistry I
CHM102 : Inorganic Chemistry I
CHM103 : Organic Chemistry I
CHM104 : Physical Chemistry I
CHM105 : Inorganic Chemistry Practical
CHM106 : Organic Chemistry Practical
CHM107 : Physical Chemistry Practical
CHM108M : Polymer Chemistry (Minor Elective, for students of Chemistry and other PG programmes)
Semester-II
CHM201 : Analytical Chemistry II
CHM202 : Inorganic Chemistry II
CHM203 : Organic Chemistry II
CHM204 : Physical Chemistry II
CHM205 : Chemical Binding
CHM206 : Inorganic Chemistry Practical
CHM207 : Organic Chemistry Practical
CHM208 : Physical Chemistry Practical
CHM209M : Organic Chemistry - Applied Aspects Only (Minor Elective for students of other PG programmes)
Semester-III
CHM301 : Molecular Spectroscopy (Core Paper)
CHM302 : Biological Chemistry (Core Paper)
CHM303 : Specialization Paper-I (A/I/O/P)*
CHM304 : Specialization Paper-II (A/I/O/P)*
CHM305 : Practical (A/I/O/P)*
CHM306-309 : Elective Paper I (Any one out of the four paperss)+ # Minor Elective III (from other PG programmes)
Semester-IV
CHM401 : Computer Applications in Chemistry (core paper)
CHM402 : Specialization Paper-III (A/I/O/P)*
CHM403 : Specialization Paper-IV (A/I/O/P)*
CHM404 : Specialization Paper-V (A/I/O/P)*
CHM405 : Project 5
CHM406-409 : Elective Paper II (Any one of the four papers)
CHM410 : Laboratory work for Computer Applications in Chemistry (Common to all branches)
Note: A-Analytical Chemistry, I- Inorganic Chemistry, O-Organic Chemistry, P-Physical Chemistry
Elective Papers
+Elective - I
CHM306 Forensic Analysis
CHM307 Chemical Applications of Group Theory
CHM308 Medicinal Chemistry
CHM309 Physical Methods in Chemistry
Elective - II
CHM406 Environmental Chemistry
CHM407 Photo Inorganic Chemistry
CHM408 Bioorganic Chemistry
CHM409 Materials Chemistry
Minor Electives
# To be offered by chemistry students from other PG programmes
* Details of specialization courses are as follows
* Details of Specialization Papers
Semester - III
Specialization Papers - I & II
Analytical Chemistry
CHM303 (A): Principles of Analytical Chemistry
CHM304 (A): Microanalytical Techniques
Inorganic Chemistry
CHM303 (I): Organometallic Chemistry of Transition Metals
Organic Chemistry
CHM303 (O): Stereochemistry and Photochemistry
CHM304 (O): Natural Products
CHM304 (I): Bio-inorganic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
CHM303 (P): Electrochemistry
CHM304 (P): Quantum Chemistry
CHM305 Practical
CHM305 (A): Analytical Chemistry Practical
CHM305 (I): Inorganic Chemistry Practical
CHM305 (O): Organic Chemistry Practical
CHM305 (P): Physical Chemistry Practical
Semester - IV
Specialization Papers – III, IV, V
Analytical Chemistry
CHM402 (A): Separation Techniques
CHM403 (A): Electroanalytical Methods
CHM404 (A): Spectrochemical Analysis
Inorganic Chemistry
CHM402 (I): Structural Methods in Inorganic Chemistry
CHM403 (I): Inorganic Rings, Chains, and Clusters
CHM404 (I): Special Topics in Inorganic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
CHM402 (O): Application of Spectroscopy to Structural Analysis
CHM403 (O): Reagents and Organic Synthesis
CHM404 (O): Heterocycles and Vitamins
Physical Chemistry
CHM402 (P): Statistical Mechanics
CHM403 (P): Solid State Chemistry
CHM404 (P): Chemical Kinetics
CHM405: Project
CHM405 (A): Analytical Chemistry
CHM405 (I): Inorganic Chemistry
CHM405 (O): Organic Chemistry
CHM405 (P): Physical Chemistry
Semester- I
CHM101: Analytical Chemistry-I (Credits: 3)
1. Introduction: Scope & objectives, Analytical chemistry and chemical analysis, Classification of analytical methods, Method selection, Sample processing, Steps in a quantitative analysis, Quantitative range (bispartite classification), Data organisation, Analytical validations, Limit of detection and limit of quantitation, The tools of analytical chemistry and good lab practices.
2. Analytical chemometrics: Propagation of measurement uncertainties (inaccuracy and imprecision). Useful statistical test: test of significance, the F test, the student ‘t’ test, the chi-test, the correlation coefficient, confidence limit of the mean, comparison of two standard values, comparison of standard deviation with average deviation, comparison of mean with true values, significant figures, regression analysis (least square method for linear and non-linear plots), statistics of sampling and detection limit evaluation.
Chemometrics for optimization, modeling and parameter estimation, factor analysis, resolution and pattern recognition.
3. Treatment of Equilibria: Solvents and solutions, general treatment of equilibria in aqueous medium involving monoprotic weak acid and weak base, and salts of weak acids and weak bases. Activity and concentration, Effect of electrolytes on chemical equilibria, Calculation of pH, Constructing titration curves from charge balance and mass balance equations, Acid-base titrations and theory of pH indicators, Complexation equilibria and complexometric titrations, Redox equilibria and redox titration, Theory of redox indicators, Precipitation reaction and precipitation titrations and theory of adsorption indicators.
4. Spectrophotometric Determination of Stoichiometry of Complexes: Job’s method of continuous variation, mole ratio and slope ratio analysis, Advantages and limitations, typical examples
5. Automation in the Laboratory: Principles of automation, Process control through automated instruments, Autoanalyzers (single channel and multi-channel), Basic sequences of multi-fold operational analyzers in segmented and non-segmented flows.
CHM102: Inorganic Chemistry-I (Credits:3)
1. Metal-Ligand Bonding in Transition Metal Complexes: Crystal field splitting diagrams in complexes of low symmetry; Spectrochemical and Nephelauxetic series; thermodynamic and structural effects; site selection in spinels, Jahn-Teller distortions; experimental evidence for metal-ligand orbital overlap; ligand field theory, molecular orbital theory as applied to metal complexes, brief introduction to Angular Overlap Model.
2. Electronic spectra of Transition Metal Complexes: Spectroscopic ground states; Orgel energy level and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams for transition metal complexes; Charge transfer spectra; electronic spectra of octahedral and tetrahedral Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes and calculation of ligand-field parameters.
3. Symmetry based concepts of energy level diagrams of metal complexes.
CHM103: Organic Chemistry-I (Credits:3)
1. Aromaticity: Benzenoid and nonbenzenoid systems, antiaromaticity, homoaromaticity, alternant and nonalternant
hydrocarbons.
2. Effects of Structure on Reactivity: Linear free energy relationships (LFER), the Hammett equation – substituent and reaction constants; the Taft treatment of polar and steric effects in aliphatic compounds
3. Nucleophilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon: Mechanism and Stereochemistry of SN1, SN2, SNi and SN2’ reactions. The reactivity effects of substrate structure, solvent effects, competition between SN1 and SN2 mechanisms
4. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: The Arenium ion mechanism, orientation and reactivity in monosubstituted benzene rings, ortho/ para ratio. Ipso substitution
5. Nucleophilic Aromatic substitution: The Aromatic SN1, SN2 and benzyne mechanisms. Reactivtiy – effect of substrate structure, leaving group, and attacking nucleophile.
6. Neighbouring Group Participation: Evidences of N.G.P.; the phenonium ion, participation by π and σ bonds, Anchimeric assistance. Classical versus non-classical carbonium ions–the present status.
CHM104: Physical Chemistry-I (Credits:3)
1. Electrochemistry: Metal/Electrolyte interface: OHP and IHP, potential profile across double layer region, potential difference across electrified interface; Structure of the double layer: Helmholtz-Perrin, Gouy- Chapman, and Stern models. Butler-Volmer equation under near equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions, exchange current density, Tafel plot. Polarizable and non-polarizable interfaces.
Semiconductor (SC)/electrolyte interface: Creation of space charge region, Capacity of space-charge, Mott- Schottky plots for n-type and p-type semiconductors, determination of flat-band potential and donor/acceptor densities. Application of SC/electrolyte interface in solar cells.
2. Chemical Kinetics: Mechanism of Composite Reactions - types of composite mechanisms, rate equations for composite mechanisms, simultaneous and consecutive reactions, steady state treatment, rate-determining steps, microscopic reversibility, dynamic chain (H2-Br2reaction, decomposition of ethane and acetaldehyde) and oscillatory reactions (Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction), branching chain:H2+O2 reaction.
3. Surface Chemistry and Catalysis: Bimolecular surface reactions - reaction between a gas molecule and an adsorbed molecule, reaction between two adsorbed molecules, inhibition and activation energy of such reactions. Catalytic activity at surfaces (volcano curve), transition state theory of surface reactions: rates of chemisorption and desorption, unimolecular and bimolecular surface reaction, comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction rates, surface heterogeneity, lateral interaction
4. Radiation Chemistry and measurement of radiations: Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter, charged particles, neutrons and gamma-rays. Unit of radiation absorption, radiation dosimetry, radiolysis of water and some aqueous solutions, Ionization chamber, electron-pulse counters, electron multiplication in a gas, secondary processes, variation of pulse size with voltage, Types of G-M counters, absolute disintegration rate, Scintillation detector, semiconductor detectors, Neutron detectors.
Practical
CHM105: Inorganic Chemistry Practical (Credits: 2)
1. Quantitative separation and determination of the following pairs of metal ions using gravimetric and volumetric methods:
(i) Ag+ (gravimetrically) and Cu2+(Volumetrically)
(ii) Cu2+ (gravimetrically) and Zn2+(Volumetrically)
(iii) Fe3+ (gravimetrically) and Ca2+(Volumetrically)
(iv) Mg2+ (gravimetrically) and Ca2+(Volumetrically)
2. Separation of a mixture of cations/anions by paper chromatographic technique using aqueous/nonaqueous media.
(i) Pb2+ and Ag+ (aqueous and non-aqueous media)
(ii) Co2+ and Cu2+ (non-aqueous medium)
(iii) Cl– and I– (aqueous-acetone medium)
(iv) Br– and I– (aqueous-acetone medium)
CHM106: Organic Chemistry Practical (Credits: 2)
1. Determination of neutralization equivalent of organic acids.
2. Separation and Identification of compounds having one or more functional groups
CHM107: Physical Chemistry Practical (Credits: 2)
1. Saponification of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide by chemical method.
2. Comparison of acid strengths through acid catalyzed methyl acetate hydrolysis.
3. Energy of activation of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl acetate.
4. Distribution coefficient of I2 between two immiscible solvents.
5. Conductometric titration of a weak acid with strong base.
6. Conductometric titration of a mixture of weak and strong acids.
7. Potentiometric titration of a strong acid with strong base using quinhydrone electrode.
8. Conductometric titration of KCl with AgNO3.
9. Molecular weight of a non-electrolyte by cryoscopy method.
10. Plateau of GM tube and study of counting statistics.
CHM108M : Polymer Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Introduction, Classification of Polymers, Intermolecular forces in Polymers.
2. Mechanism and kinetics of step-growth and chain growth polymerization: radical, cationic, anionic and condensation polymerization. Copolymerization, Reactivity Ratios, Thermodynamic Aspects of Polymerization. Mechanism of Living Radical Polymerizations: Nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP), Metal-catalyzed Living Radical Polymerization, Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Radical Polymerization. Coordination polymerization, Ring opening polymerization, Types of polymerization process.
3. Polymer solutions: Thermodynamics of polymer dissolution, The Flory-Huggins Theory of Polymer solutions, Nature of polymer macromolecules in solution, Size and shape of macromolecules in solution.
4. Polymer structure and Physical properties: Microstructure of polymer chains, crystallinity in polymers, Glass transition temperature, rheological properties. Degradation of polymers. Polymer reactions. Polymer additives. Polymer Processing
5. Experimental methods: polymer synthesis, isolation and purification of polymers, polymer fractionation, molecular weight determination, molecular weight distribution curve, determination glass transition temperature..
6. Specialty polymers: Liquid crystalline polymer, Conducting polymers, Electroluminescent polymers, Inorganic Polymer. Nanocomposites of polymer.
Semester-II
CHM201: Analytical Chemistry-II (Techniques in Analytical Chemistry) (Credits:3)
1. Polarography: Origin of polargraphy, Current-voltage relationship, Theory of polarographic waves (DC and sampled DC (tast) polarograms), Instrumentation, Ilkovic equation, Qualitative and quantitative applications.
2. Spectroscopic Techniques: Theory, Instrumentation and applications of X-rays (emission, absorption, diffraction and fluorescence methods), Atomic absorption Spectroscopy, Atomic fluorescence spectrometry, Atomic emission spectrometry
3. Spectroscopy: UV-visible molecular absorption spectrometry (instrumentation and application), Molecular luminescence spectroscopy (fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence).
4. Separation Methods: Principle of chromatography, Classifications of chromatography, Techniques of planar and column chromatography, Gas chromatography, High-performance liquid chromatography
5. Thermal Analysis: Theory, methodology and applications of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Principles, techniques and applications of thermometric titration methods
CHM202: Inorganic Chemistry-II (Credits:3)
1. Kinetics and Mechanism of Substitution Reactions: Nature of substitution reactions; prediction of reactivity of octahedral, tetrahedral and square-planar complexes in terms of crystal field activation energy and structure preference energy; rates of reactions; acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis and anation reactions.
2. Electron Transfer Reactions: Mechanism and rate laws; various types of electron transfer reactions, Marcus-Husch theory, correlation between thermal and optical electron transfer reactions; identification of intervalence transfer bands in solution.
3. Metal Carbonyls: Preparation, structure, and properties: bonding in metal carbonyls, variants of CO bridging, vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls, principal reaction types of metal carbonyls. Carbonyl metal halides
4. Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism : Basic Principles of ORD and CD techniques. ORD and Cotton effect, Faraday and Kerr effects; Applications in determining absolute configuration of metal complexes.
CHM203 Organic Chemistry-II (Credits:3)
1. Addition to Carbon–Carbon Multiple Bonds: Electrophilic, free-radical and nucleophilic addition: Mechanistic and Stereochemical aspects. Orientation and reactivity. Hydroboration and Michael reaction
2. Esterification and Hydrolysis of Esters: Evidence for tetrahedral intermediate in BAc2 and AAc2 mechanisms, steric and electronic effects. The AAc1 and other pathways involving alkyl to oxygen bond cleavage
3. Elimination reactions: The E1, E2 and E1cB mechanisms, Orientation of the double bond. Hofmann versus Saytzeff elimination, Pyrolytic syn-elimination, Competition between substitution and elimination reactions
4. Kinetic Isotope Effects: Its origin and importance in determining reaction mechanism. Solvent isotope effects.
5. Conservation of Orbital Symmetry in Pericyclic Reactions: Woodward-Hoffmann rules; cycloaddition [2+2] and [4+2], and electrocylic reactions. Prototropic and Sigmatropic rearrangements, Ene reactions and Cheletropic reactions; 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
CHM204: Physical Chemistry-II (Credits:3)
1 Corrosion: Scope and economics of corrosion, causes and types of corrosion, electrochemical theories of corrosion,
kinetics of corrosion (corrosion current and corrosion po tential). Corrosion measurements (weight loss, OCP measurement, and polarization methods), passivity and its breakdown. Corrosion prevention (electrochemical,
inhibitor, and coating methods).
Cyclic Voltammetry: Instrumentation, current-potential relation applicable for Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), interpretation of cyclic voltammograms and parameters obtainable from voltammograms
2 Micelles: Surface active agents and their classification, micellization, hydrophobic interaction, critical miceller concentration (cmc), factors affecting cmc of surfactants, thermodynamics of micellization: phase separation and mass action models, micro-emulsions, reverse micelles.
Polymer: definition, types of polymers, Molecular mass – number and mass average molecular mass, determination
of molecular mass by Osmometry, viscosity, light scattering and size exclusion chromatography.
3 Nuclear Chemistry: Classification of nuclides, Nuclear stability, Atomic energy, Types of nuclear reactions-fission and fusion, Conservation in nuclear reactions-linear momentum and mass-energy, Reaction cross-section, Bohr’s compound nucleus theory of nuclear reaction. Szilard-Chalmers reactions.
General characteristics of radioactive decay, decay kinetics, parent-daughter decay growth relationships, artificial radioactivity. Application of radioactivity- radiochemical principles, Isotope dilution and neutron activation analysis.
4 Equilibrium and Non- equilibrium Thermodynamics:
Properties of non-ideal solutions - deviations (negative and positive) from ideal behaviour, excess functions for nonideal
solutions, Third Law of thermodynamics: Nernst heat theorem, variation of entropy with temperature, determination of absolute entropy of liquids and gases, residual entropy.
Entropy production in irreversible processes, fluxes and forces, linear phenomenological relations, Onsager’s reciprocity relations, thermodynamic theory of membrane permeability, reverse osmosis and electrokinetic phenomena.
CHM205: Chemical Binding (Credits:3)
1. Fundamental background: postulates and theorems of quantum mechanics. Angular momentum. Rigid rotor.
2. The Schrödinger equation and its exact solutions: the particle-in-a-box. Hydrogen atom. The variation theorem – ritz variation principle.
3. Atomic structure: many electron wave functions. Pauli exclusion principle. Helium atom. Atomic term symbols. The self-consistent field method. Slater-type orbitals.
4. Symmetry point groups: determination of point group of a molecule. Representations. The great orthogonality theorem. Character table. Construction of character tables for c2v and c3v groups. Symmetry adapted atomic basis sets. Construction of molecular orbitals. The direct product representation.
5. Molecular structure: Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Molecular orbital treatment for H2+. MO treatment of homo- and hetero nuclear diatomic molecules. Hückel mo treatment of simple and conjugated polyenes. Alternant hydrocarbons.
Practical
CHM206 : Inorganic Chemistry Practical (Credits: 2)
1 Preparation of coordination complexes and their characterization by magnetic susceptibility measurements and IR, UV / Vis, 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques.
CHM207 Organic Chemistry Practical (Credits: 2)
1. Preparation and characterization of two and three steps organic compounds.
2. Isolation of caffeine from tea leaves.
CHM208 Physical Chemistry Practical (Credits: 2)
1. Rate constant of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of sucrose by polarimetric method.
2. Rate constant of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of sucrose by chemical method.
3. Rate constant of FeCl3-catalyzed H2O2 decomposition by gasometric method.
4. Degree of hydrolysis of urea hydrochloride by kinetics method.
5. Equilibrium constant of KI + I2 ⇌ KI3 by distribution method.
6. Phase diagram of a binary organic system (Naphthalene and Diphenyl).
7. Determination of solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salt conductometrically.
8. Potentiometric titration of a redox system (ferrous ammonium sulfate with K2Cr2O7).
9. Adsorption of acetic acid on charcoal to verify Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
10. Determination of half-life of a radionuclide.
CHM209M : Organic Chemistry-Applied Aspects (Credits:3)
1. Organic chemistry and industry
2. Life begins with nucleic acids. Sugar alcohols, S-glycosides. vitamin-c and inositols
3. Brief introduction of the following with context to life: Aspirin, adrenaline, coniine, thujone, cholesterol, prostaglandins, penicillines.
4. Crixivan-organic Chemists' answer to HIV.
5. Bio-polymers: polysaccharides-starch, cellulose, sucrose, amino acids and polypeptides, proteins.
6. Synthetic polymers: properties and uses. Polyester, polytetrafluoroethelene, polyamino acids, polycyanoacrylates, polyurethanes, silicone rubbers, polymeric antioxidants, polyphosphazenes, divinylether-maleic anhydride cyclopolymer(DIVEMA)
Semester-III
CHM301: Molecular Spectroscopy (Core Paper) (Credits:3)
1. Time-dependent states and spectroscopy: absorption and emission of radiation. Selection rules. Line shapes and widths. Fourier transform spectroscopy
2. Rotation and Vibration of Diatomic Molecules: Rigid Rotor and harmonic oscillator wave functions and energies. Selection rules. A review of MW and IR spectroscopy. Diatomic molecule wave functionssymmetry properties and nuclear spin effects. Raman effect: Rotational and vibration-rotational transitions.
Vibration of polyatomic molecules–normal coordinates. Polarization of Raman lines. Resonance Raman and CARS spectroscopy.
3. Electronic spectroscopy: electronic spectroscopy of diatomic molecules. Franck-Condon factor. Dissociation and pre-dissociation. Rotational fine structure. Lasers and laser spectroscopy.
4. Magnetic Resonance: Review of angular momentum. Commutation relations. Basic principles and relaxation times. Magnetic resonance spectrum of hydrogen. First-order hyperfine energies. NMR in liquids: Chemical shifts and spin-spin couplings First order Spectra: A3X, AX and AMX systems. Second order spectra: AB system. Equivalent nuclei. A2B2 system
5. CW NMR: The Spectrometer. Multiscan Principle (Cat)
6. FT NNR: Rotating frame of reference. Effect of rf pulse. FID. Multipulse operation. Measurement of T1 by inversion recovery method. Spin echo and measurement of t2
CHM302: Biological Chemistry (Core Paper) (Credits:3)
1. Molecules of life: Amino acids and proteins, Carbohydrates-polysaccharides, lipids, cell-membranes and nucleic acids
2. Structure and function: Protein structure, Ramachandran - plot, protein folding: DNA/RNA structures, various forms (a, b, c, z) of DNA, t-RNA structure, transcription and translation, gene expression and DNA binding protein-zinc-finger protein.
3. Metabolism and Energetics: Glycolysis , citric acid cycle , oxidative phosphorylation and transport through membranes
4. Enzyme kinetics, inhibition, drug action (selected examples)
5. Metalloenzymes: Hydrolytic and redox enzymes: Carbonic anhydrase and superoxide dismutase
6. Oxygen uptake proteins: Hemerythrin and hemocyanin
7. Molecular recognition: Molecular organization, Chiral recognition and role of sugar in biological recognition
Specialization Papers I & II
Analytical Chemistry Specialization
CHM303 (A): Principles of Analytical Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Acid-Base Equilibria: General concept of acid-base equilibria in water and in non-aqueous solvent, Definition of pH and pH scale (Sorenson and operational definitions), and its significance, Hammett acidity function, pH calculation for aqueous solutions of very weak acid and very weak base, salts of weak acid and weak bases, mixture of weak acid and its salts, mixture of weak base and its salts, polybasic acids and their salts, polyamines and amino acid, composition of solution of polybasic acid as a function of pH, protolysis curves
2. Buffer Solutions: Theory of buffer solution, dilution and salts effects on the pH of a buffer, Buffer index, Criteria and expression of maximum buffer capacity, Application of pH buffers, Preparation of buffer solutions of known ionic strength (Typical examples). Practical limitations in use of buffers, Metal ion buffers and their applications, Biological buffers and their applications.
3. Photometric Titrations: Basic principles, comparison with other titrimetric procedures, types of photometric titration curves, Instrumentation (Titration cell, Detectors, choice of analytical wavelength). Quantitative applications, Typical examples of one component and multicomponent analyses.
4. Chemical Sensors: Principles, types of chemical sensors based on the modes of transductions, Types of chemical sensor based on the chemically sensitive materials (solid electrolyte, gas, semiconductor), Humidity sensors, Biosensors, Electrochemical sensors (Potentiometric sensors, Ion-selective electrodes, Membrane electrodes, Amperometric sensors, Clark and Enzyme electrodes).
CHM 304(A): Microanalytical Techniques (Credits:3)
1. General Introduction: Scope and objectives of microanalytical technique, Difference between micro and trace analysis, Microanalytical technique based on size and amount of the sample
2. Microanalysis of real-world Samples: Molecular recognition and targeted analysis using macrocyclic (crown ethers), macrobicyclic (cryptands), Supramolecular compounds (calixarenes) and polymeric materials
3. Biochemical Microanalysis: Estimation of carbohydrates, amino acids and ascorbic acid in biological systems, Estimation of protein in egg albumin, Estimation of free fatty acid, Iodine value and saponification value of fats/oils, Estimation of blood cholesterol, DNA and RNA
4. Inorganic microanalysis: Principle, Technique, qualitative and quantitative applications with special reference to Ring-oven technique and Ring colorimetric technique, Chemical microscopy
5. Organic Microanalysis: Determination of alkoxy, acetyl, acyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, active hydrogen, nitroso, sulfonyl, amides and ester groups, Determination of molecular weight and percentage purity of carboxylic acid, Estimation of sugars, Estimation of unsaturation
6. Microanalysis by Kinetic Methods: Theoretical basis, Kinetic parameters, Kinetic methods of microanalysis: Tangent, fixed time and addition method
Inorganic Chemistry Specialization
CHM303 (I): Organometallic Chemistry of Transition Metals (Credits:3)
1. Inorganic π-Acid Ligands: Dioxygen and dinitrogen, nitrosyl, tertiary phosphines and arsines as ligands.
2. Complexes of σ-donor ligands: Transition metal alkenyls, alkynyls, carbenes and carbynes
3. π-complexes of unsaturated molecules: Preparation, bonding and structure of alkene, alkyne, allyl, dienyl and trienyl complexes; reactions with special reference to organic synthesis
4. Transition metal compounds in catalysis: Hydrogenation, hydroformylation and polymerization; Waker Process
5. Transition metal Compounds with M-H bonds: Metal hydrides (classical and non-classical). Agostic interaction. Application of NMR in studying hydrido complexes
CHM304 (I): Bio-inorganic Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Role of alkaline earth metal ions in biological systems : (i) Catalysis of phosphate transfer by Mg2+ ion, (ii) Ubiquitous regulatory role of Ca2+ - muscle contraction
2. Iron, copper and molybdenum proteins with reference to their oxygenation and oxidase activity: (i) Anti-oxidative functions: cytochrome P-450, catalases and peroxidases, (ii) Nitrate and nitrite reduction: NO3 and NO2 reductase, (iii) Electron transfer: cytochromes; blue copper proteins and iron-sulfur proteins and their Synthetic models, (iv) molybdo-enzymes – molybdenum cofactors : molybdenum-pterin complexes, (v) Nitrogen fixation through metal complexation, nitrogenase, (vi) Photosynthesis (PS-I and PS-II).
3. Metalloenzymes: Urease, Hydrogenase, and Cyanocobalamine
4. Interaction of metal complexes with DNA: DNA probe and chemotherapeutic agents
5. Iron storage and transport proteins: Ferritin, Transferritin and Hemosiderin
Organic Chemistry Specialization
CHM303 (O): Stereochemistry and Photochemistry (Credits:3)
1. Stereochemistry: Enantioselcetive synthesis with chiral non racemic reagents and catalysts:
Hydroboration with chiral boranes (IPCBH2), (IPC)2BH, Carbonyl group reduction with chiral complex hydride (BINAL-H, Chiral oxazaborolidines), Chiral organometal complex –(-)DAIB; 3-exodimethylamino isoborneol. Enantioselective epoxidation of alkene: Sharpless epoxidation, enantioselective hydrogenation with[Rh(DIPAMP)]+. Diastereoselective synthesis:Aldol reactions (Chiral enolate & Achiral Aldehyde and Achiral enolate and chiral aldehyde). Optical Activity in absence of chiral carbon: biphenyls and Allenes and Atropisomerism.
2. Conformation: Shape of six membered rings and decalines; conformational analysis based on physical properties and chemical reactivity in substituted cyclohexane/ cyclohexene.
3. Photochemistry:
(a) Introduction and Basic Principles of Photochemistry: Absorption of light by organic molecules, properties of excited states, mechanism of excited state processes and methods of preparative photochemistry.
(b) Photochemistry of alkenes and related compounds: Isomerization, Di-π-methane rearrangement and cycloadditions.
(c) Photochemistry of aromatic compounds: Ring isomerization and cyclization reactions.
(d) Photochemistry of carbonyl compounds: Norrish type-I cleavage of acyclic, cyclic and α, β and β, γ unsaturated carbonyl compounds, Norrish type-II cleavage. Hydrogen abstraction: Intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen abstraction, photoenolization. Photocyclo-addition of ketones with unsaturated compounds: Paterno-Buchi reaction, photodimerisation of α, β- unsaturated ketones, rearrangement of enones and dienones, Photo-Fries rearrangement
4. Rearrangements: Sommelet-Hauser, Favorskii, rearrangements. Hofmann-Loffler-Freytag reaction, Barton reaction and Shapiro reaction.
CHM304 (O): Natural Products (Credits:3)
1. Alkaloids: Structure elucidation of alkaloids – a general account; Structure, synthesis, and stereochemistry of Narcotine and Quinine; synthesis and stereochemistry of Morphine, Lysergic acid and Reserpine.
2. Terpenoids: Camphor, Longifolene*, Abietic acid, and Taxol.
3. Steroids: Cholesterol, Cortisone*, and Aldosterone*.
4. Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes : Introduction, nomenclature of prostaglandins and thromboxanes; approaches to prostaglandin synthesis; cyclohexane precurors (Woodward synthesis of PGF2a), bicycloheptane precursors (Corey’s synthesis of prostaglandins E and F)
5. Retrosynthetic Analysis of morphine and reserpine and Longifolene.
Physical Chemistry Specialization
CHM303 (P): Electrochemistry (Credits:3)
1. Activity Coefficient and Ionic Migration in Electrolyte Solutions: Quantitative treatment of Debye- Hückel theory of ion-ion interaction and activity coefficient, applicability and limitations of Debye- Hückel limiting law, its modification for finite-sized ions, effect of ion-solvent interaction on activity coefficient. Debye-Hückel-Onsagar (D-H-O) theory of conductance of electrolyte solution, its applicability and limitations, Pair-wise association of ions (Bjerrum and Fuoss treatment), Modification of D-H-O theory to account for ion-pair formation, Determination of association constant (KA) from conductance data.
2. Electrical Double Layer at Metal/Electrolyte Interface: Thermodynamics of double layer, Electrocapillary equation, Determination of surface excess and other electrical parameterselectrocapillarity, excess charge capacitance, and relative surface excesses. Metal/ water interaction- Contact adsorption, its influence on capacity of interface, Complete capacity- potential curve, Constant capacity region hump. Specific adsorption-extent of specific adsorption
3. Electrode Kinetics: Review of Butler-Volmer treatment. Polarizable and non-polarizable interfaces. Multistep reactions- a near equilibrium relation between current density and over potential, Concept of rate determining step. Determination of reaction order. stochiometric number, and transfer coefficient. Electrocatalysis-comparison of electrocatalytic activity. Importance of oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions and their mechanisms.
4. Electrochemical Techniques: Impedance technique-its application for studying electrode kinetics and corrosion.
Rotating Disc Electrode (RDE): Application of for measurement of electrochemical rate constant.
CHM304 (P): Quantum Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Fundamentals: Review of Classical Mechanics. General formulation of Qunatum Mechanics. Review of angular momentum, rigid rotor, harmonic oscillator and H- atom problems.
2. Approximation Methods: Stationary perturbation theory for non-degenerate and degenerate systems with examples. Variation method. Ground state of He atom. Time-dependent perturbation theory. Radiative transitions. Einstein coefficients.
3. Many Electron atoms: Hartree SCF method, Electron correlation, Addition of angular momenta– Clabsch-Gordan series, Term symbols for two equivalent electrons, Total angular momentum and spinorbit interaction. Condon Slater Rules.
4. Group Theory: Review and Applications.
5. Ab initio Methods for Closed Shell Systems: Review of molecular structure calculations, dipole moments. Hartree-Fock method for molecules. Roothaan-Hartree-Fock method. Selection of basis sets. Density functional Method. Population analysis.
Practical
CHM305 (A): Analytical Chemistry Practical (Credits: 6)
1. Determination of ferrous ammonium sulfate potentiometrically with standard ceric sulfate solution (Direct and back titration).
2. Determination of concentration of halide ion(s) in the given solution potentiometrically.
3. Conductometric titration of (I) strong acid, monobasic weak acid or polybasic weak acid with strong base (ii) zinc with EDTA, and (iii) KCl vs AgNO3
4. To obtain the protolysis curves involving cases of weak acid, mixture of acids and polybasic acid employing a pH meter and determine the amount of the respective acid (in ppm) in the given solution
5. Determination of Na2CO3 content (in %) of washing soda using a pH meter
6. Analysis of mixture of carbonate and bicarbonate (percent in ppm range) using a pH meter or suitable indicators
7. To study the current-potential characteristics of Cd2+ ions using DC polarography, sampled DC, cyclic voltammetry and pulse polarographic techniques
8. Determination of Cd2+ ions concentration in given solution polarographically following (I) calibration (ii) standard addition and (iii) the pilot-ion procedures
9. Determination of Zn2+ ions present at the ppm level in the solution employing conventional D.C.and pulse polarographic techniques
10. Determination of trace metal impurities present in a polluted water sample by anodic stripping voltammetric procedure
11. Statistical Treatment of Results
1. Determination of accuracy, precision, mean deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, normal error curve and least square fitting of certain set of experimental data in an analysis.
2. Composition of two sets of results in terms of significance (Precision and accuracy) by (I) student’s t-test, (ii) F-test
12. Solvent Extraction: Determination of Fe (III) by chloride extraction in ether
13. Complexometric and Redox Titrations
1. Metal-EDTA titrations using Eriochrome Black T, Xylenol orange and PAN indicators (only back titration or substitution titration methods).
2. Estimation of the purity of oxalic acid employing standard Ce (IV) solution.
14. Spectrophotometric Analysis
1. Spectrophotometric determination (in ppm) of Fe (II) or Fe(III) using 1,10 Phenanthroline (or thiocyanate) as colorimetric reagent.
2. Colorimetric determination of chromium (VI) (in ppm) using 1,5 diphenyl carbazide as a reagent for colour development
15. Quantitative analysis of APC tablet by NMR or IR spectroscopy
16. Water Analysis: Analysis of water samples for the following parameters
(I) BOD, (ii) COD, (iii) Dissolved oxygen, (iv) total phosphorous, (v) sulfur as SO2, (vi) total hardness and chloride, (vii) total dissolved solids.
17. To prepare a buffer solution of known ionic strength and to find its maximum buffer capacity
CHM305(I):Inorganic Chemistry Practical (Credits: 6)
Section-A
1. (a) Synthesis and structural characterization (IR, electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility) of [Ni(py)4(NCS)2].
(b) Synthesis of a series of Ni(II) complexes (with ligands of varying ligand field strength), electronic spectral interpretation and calculation of various ligand-field parameters.
2. Synthesis and structural characterization (IR, Electronic spectra) of the cis- and trans-isomers of [Co(en)2Cl2]
3. Synthesis and characterization (IR and PMR & CMR) of [Al(acac)3]
Section-B
1. Synthesis, purification by sublimation and structural characterization (IR and electronic spectra) of ferrocene.
2. Acetylation of ferrocene and separation of the acetyl derivative by column chromatography.
CHM305(O): Organic Chemistry Practical (Credits: 6)
1. Separation and identification of organic mixtures containing up to three components.
2. Preparation of organic compounds involving several stages, characterization of intermediates and final products by IR and NMR spectroscopy.
3. Techniques of organic chemistry: Special practical’s involving steam distillation, photoisomerisation and thin layer chromatography etc.
4. Quantitative analysis of (i) Sulphur and (ii) nitrogen.
CHM305 (P): Physical Chemistry Practical (Credits: 6)
1. Kinetics of decomposition of benzene diazonium chloride.
2. Conductometric study of the kinetics of saponification of ethyl acetate.
3. Determination of transport numbers of Cu2+ and SO4 2 - by Hittorf’s method.
4. Conductometric titration of triple mixture (HCl+NH4Cl+KCl) with (i) NaOH and (ii) AgNO3.
5. Analysis of halide mixture by differential potentiometry.
6. Conductometric titration of a polybasic acid.
7. Verification of the Nernst law of electrode potential.
8. Determination of band-gap of a semiconductor.
9. Ternary phase diagram of water, benzene, and acetic acid.
10. Determination of molecular weight of a macromolecule by viscometry.
11. Half-life periods of a source containing two radionuclides.
12. Absorption coefficient of metal absorbers for 60Co γ - rays.
13. Electrochemical Impedance study of metal/solution interface.
14. Cyclic Voltammetry of the [Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4- system.
15. Corrosion study of steel in an acid solution.
Elective Papers
Elective-I (Group A)
CHM306: Forensic Analysis (Credits:3)
1. Introduction: Profile of a forensic laboratory, Forensic Scientists role and quality control, Crime-scene investigation, Collection and preserving physical evidences and evidentiary documentation, Future prospects of forensic analysis
2. Real Case Analysis: Liquor analysis, Trap-case analysis, Petroleum product analysis, Fire and Debris analysis, Injuries, Firearm wounds, Asphyxia and stress analysis (only analytical identifications).
3. Forensic Toxicology: Analysis of various types of poisons (corrosive, irritant, analgesic, hypnotic, tranquillizer, narcotic, stimulants, paralytic, antihistamine, domestic and industrial (gaseous and volatile) poisoning and food poisonings), Explosive and explosion residue analysis, Lethal drug analysis (sampling, sealing, packing, laboratory methods of testing, reporting the analysis results, court evidence and medicolegal aspects for the consideration of chemical data as a proof for crime), Importance of physiological tests in forensic toxicology
4. Instrumentation for Forensic Analysis
5. (a) Physical, Biological and Chemical Methods: Non-destructive testing probes including radiography, Xera-radiography, Surface penetrations method (SEM and Laser Probes), Fluoroscopy, Clinical methods: ELISA, RIA and immunodiffusion , analysis of glucose, bilirubins, total cholesterol , creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and barbiturates in biological fluids, DNA-finger printing, Examination and grouping of blood strains and seminal strains, Data retrieval and automation techniques for forensic examination with reference to presence of drugs, glasses, paints, oils and adhesives at crime spot.
(b) Instrumental Methods: Sample preparation, Calibration of the instruments for its accuracy and producibility of results in forensic analysis, Method validation technique and requirements, Procurement of standard samples, Forensic applications of TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, GC, FT-IR, AAS, GC-MS, UV-visible spectrophotometer with emphasis over standard operational procedures (SOPs) for test samples.
CHM307: Chemical Applications of Group Theory (Credits:3)
1. Group Theory in Chemistry: Classification of Groups; Matrix representation of symmetry elements and point groups, matrices of C3v and C4v point groups, transformation matrices; Structure of character tables, determination of symmetry species for translations and rotations, Construction of Character tables (C2v, C3v, C4v groups)
2. Chemical Applications of Group theory
3. IR and Raman Spectroscopy: Brief introduction to molecular vibrations; selection rules for fundamental vibrational transitions, symmetry of normal modes of molecules, Infrared and Raman activity of some typical molecules (molecules of C2v, C3v, C4v, D2h, D3h, and D4h point groups)
4. Crystal Field Theory: Splitting of levels and terms in chemical environment, construction of energy level diagrams, selection rules and polarizations.
5. Molecular Orbital Theory: Introduction, transformation properties of atomic orbitals; hybridization schemes for σ- and π-bonding, hybrid orbitals as LCAOs; Molecular Orbital Theory for some typical ABn types (n = 2, 3, 4, 6) of molecules (H2O, NH3 and BH3)
6. Electronic Spectra: General considerations, typical examples from tetrahedral and octahedral systems, Orgel energy level diagrams
CHM308 : Medicinal Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Structure and activity: Relationship between chemical structure and biological activity (SAR). Receptor Site Theory. Approaches to drug design. Introduction to combinatorial synthesis in drug discovery
2. Drugs based on a substituted benzene ring: Chloramphenicol, salmeterol, tolazamide, diclophenac, tiapamil, intryptyline
3. Drugs based on five membered heterocycles : Tolmetin, spiralpril, oxaprozine, sulconazole, nizatidine, imolamine, isobuzole.
4. Drugs based on six membered heterocycles : Warfarin, quinine, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, methylclothiazide, citrine, terfenadine.
5. Drugs based on seven membered heterocyclic rings fused to benzene: Chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, diltiazem.
6. Drugs based on heterocycles fused to two benzene rings: Quinacrine, tacrine,
7. β-Lactam antibiotics: Penicillin, cephalosporin.
8. Drugs besed on five membered heterocycles fused to six membered rings: Acyclovir, methotrexate.
CHM309: Physical Methods in Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Related Techniques: Principle and applications to studies of molecules and surface. UPES and XPS. Auger electron and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (AES and XRF).
2. Techniques for Studying Surface Structure: Low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy (STM and AFM).
3. Neutron Diffraction: Principle and applications.
4. Fluorescence techniques: Steady state fluorescence spectroscopy. Time-resolved (Time correlated single photon counting-TCSPC) fluorescence spectroscopy. Introduction to Single molecule fluorescence and fluorescence imaging.
Semester-IV
CHM401: Computer Applications in Chemistry (Core Paper) (Credits:2)
1 FORTRAN 77: Types of Constants and Variables in Fortran, Dimension, Data, Type, COMMON and EQUIVALENCE statements, Arithmetic and Logical IF, IF-THEN-ELSE Constructs, DO statement, Various types of I/O statements, Library functions, Statement functions, Function Subprograms and subroutine subprograms. 2 Numerical Methods: Roots of Polynomials, Solution of Linear simultaneous equations, matrix multiplication and inversion. Numerical integration. Statistical treatment of data, variance and correlations.
Specialization Papers III-V
Analytical Chemistry Specialization
CHM 402(A): Separation Techniques (Credits:3)
1. Separation Techniques Based on Phase Equilibria : Principles of analytical separation: Plate theory, rate theory, Craig concept of counter current distribution, process optimization, Retention analysis; Resolution (Fundamental equation). Distillation: Fractional distillation, Molecular distillation. Chromatography: Gas chromatography, Liquid chromatography (including high performance chromatography), Ion-exchange chromatography, Ion chromatography, Size exclusion chromatography, Planar chromatography (PC, TLC, HPTLC), Reverse phase chromatography & Bonded phase chromatography (BPC), Super critical fluid chromatography (SFC). Solvent Extraction: Liquid-Liquid and super critical fluid extraction, Quantitative treatment of various Solvent, extraction equilibria. Sublimation: Normal and vacuum sublimation. Crystallisation: Zone refining and Fractional.
2. Separation Techniques Based on Rate Processes: (a) Barrier-separation methods: Membrane separation- Ultrafiltration, dialysis, electrodialysis, electro-osmosis, reverse osmosis(b) Field separation methods: Electrophoresis, Ultracentrifugation
CHM403 (A): Electroanalytical Methods (Credits:3)
1. General Introduction: Overviews of Electrode Processes, Electrocapillary curve and electrocapillary maximum potential, Exchange current, Polarisation and overvoltage, Reference electrodes. Mercury electrodes (DME, SME, HMDE), Rotating platinum electrode. Three-electrode system.
2. Polarography: Origin of polarography, Interpretation of a polarographic curve. Instrumentation. Limiting current, residual and charging current, diffusion current, migration current. Supporting electrolytes. Effect of supporting electrolyte on the limiting current. Diffusion coefficient and its evaluation. Ilkovic equation, its derivation and applications. Estimation of n-value(s). Theory and equations of different currentpotential curves. Criteria of polarographic reversibility. Quasi-reversible and irreversible processes. Halfwave potentials and their significance. Interpretation of catalytic, kinetic, adsorption and capacitive currents. Polarographic maxima and maximum suppresors. Methods of quantitative analysis: absolute, comparative, the PILOT ION and kinetic methods
3. Modern Polarography: Necessity and development of new voltammetric techniques and their comparison with classical polarography. Fundamentals of sampled DC polarography (Tast), oscilliography, differential and derivative voltammetry, cyclic, pulse, alternating current and square wave polarography
Related Techniques: Amperometric titration, Chronoamperometry, Chronopotentiometry. Controlledpotential and constant current coulometry. Stripping analysis, Electrogravimetry, Electrography and Electro-spot testing
CHM404 (A): Spectrochemical Analysis (Credits:3)
1. Infrared Spectroscopy: Infrared instruments, typical applications of infrared spectroscopy (qualitative and quantitative).
2. Raman Spectroscopy: Raman spectroscopy, Instrumentation, Analytical applications of Raman spectroscopy
3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance, Environmental effects on NMR spectrometers, Applications of proton NMR, C13 NMR, Two dimensional Fouriertrans form NMR, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Quantitative applications of NMR: Drug Analysis, Molecular Weight determination.
4. Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: Theory, Instrumentation and Important analytical applications
5. Electron Spectroscopy: Theory, Instrumentation and applications of Electron spectroscopy (ESCA and Auger), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and Atomic force microscopy (AFM).
6. Plasma Emission Spectroscopy: Theory, Instrumentation and Analytical applications of inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPE).
7. Applications in analysis of special materials: Analysis of dairy products, food additives, petrochemicals (including liquid and gaseous fuels), drugs and pharmaceuticals and fertilizers
Inorganic Chemistry Specialization
CHM402 (I): Structural Methods in Inorganic Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. NMR Spectroscopy: (i) Use of Chemical shifts and spin-spin couplings for structural determination, (ii) Double resonance, and Dynamic processes in NMR, (iii) Decoupling phenomenon, Nuclear Overhauser Effect, DEPT spectra and structural applications in 13C NMR, (iv) Use of Chemicals as NMR auxillary reagents (shift reagents and relaxation reagents (v) 1H NMR of paramagnetic substances. (VI) NMR of Metal nuclei
2. Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: Basic principle, Hyperfine Splitting (isotropic systems); the gvalue and the factors affecting thereof; interactions affecting electron energies in paramagnetic complexes (Zero-field splitting and Kramer’s degeneracy); Electron-electron interactions, Anisotropic effects (the gvalue and the hyperfine couplings); Structural applications to transition metal complexes
3. Mössbauer Spectroscopy: Basic principle, conditions for Mossbauer spectroscopy, Spectral parameters (Isomer shift, electric quadrupole interactions, magnetic interactions), temperature dependent effects, structural deductions for iron and tin complexes, miscellaneous applications.
4. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Applications of vibrational spectroscopy in investigating (i) symmetry and shapes of simple AB2, AB3 and AB4 molecules on the basis of spectral data, (ii) mode of bonding of ambidentate ligands (thiocyanate, nitrate, sulphate and urea).
5. Mass Spectrometry: Fragmentation pattern and Fingerprint applications in the interpretation of Mass spectra, effect of isotopes on the appearance of mass spectrum, recognition of the molecular ion peak; Ionization techniques (EI and FAB)
CHM403 (I): Inorganic Rings, Chains, and Clusters (Credits:3)
1. Isopoly and Heteropoly Acids and Salts: Synthesis and structural principles with reference to those of V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo and W
2. Metal Clusters and Metal-Metal Bonds: Compounds with metal-metal multiple bonds, metal carbonyl, halide and chalcogenide clusters.
3. Polyhedral Boranes: Higher boranes, carboranes, metallo-boranes and metallo-carboranes –Structure and Bonding in the light of Wade’s and Jemmis’ Rules
4. Parallels between main group and Organometallic Chemistry: Isolobal concept (Hoffman) in organometallic and metal-cluster chemistry
5. Inorganic Polymers: Classification, Types of Inorganic Polymerization, Comparison with organic polymers, Boron-oxygen and boron-nitrogen polymers, silicones, coordination polymers, sulfur-nitrogen, sulfur-nitrogen-fluorine compounds, – binary and multi-component systems, hemolytic inorganic systems.
CHM404 (I): Special Topics in Inorganic Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Macrocyclic Complexes: Types of macrocyclic ligands – design and synthesis by coordination template effect, di- & poly-nuclear macrocyclic complexes; applications of macrocyclic complexes.
2. Supramolecular Chemistry: Concept of supramolecular chemistry, nomenclature, molecular recognition, metallo-macrocylces as receptors, design of supramolecular through non-covalent interactions and their applications in transport processes
3. Molecular Magnetic Materials: Basic concepts of molecular magnetism, types of magnetic interactions, inorganic and organic ferro-magnetic materials, low-spin – high-spin transitions, isotropic interactions in Cu(II) dinuclear compounds, magnetic chain compounds, magnetic long-range ordering in molecular compounds: molecular magnets, physical investigations and applications.
4. Metallomesogens: Basic concepts, types of meso-phases, synthetic strategies, characterization and applications.
Organic Chemistry Specialization
CHM402 (O): Application of Spectroscopy to Structural Analysis (Credits:3)
1. Ultra-Violet Spectroscopy: Absorption of dienes, polyenes, carbonyl compounds and α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Woodward rule and its application. Aromatic compounds.
2. Infrared Spectroscopy: Vibration modes and bond stretching. Absorption of common functional groups, electrical and steric effects, effects of Hydrogen bonding. Fingerprint region and interpretation of IR spectra.
3. PMR Spectroscopy: Interpretation of spectra, chemical shift, shielding mechanism and anisotropic effects, chemical exchange and chemical shifts in chiral molecules. Spin-spin interactions, naming spin systems, magnitude of coupling constant: Germinal, vicinal and long range couplings. Second order spectrum and analysis of AB, AMX and ABX systems. Simplification of Complicated Spectra: Aromatic induced shifts spin decoupling, deuterium exchange, spectra at higher fields. Hindered rotation and rate processes.
4. CMR Spectroscopy: General considerations, chemical shift, coupling constants. Nuclear Overhauser effect. Spin-spin, spin-lattice relaxations. Off resonance decoupling. DEPT. Interpretation of simple CMR spectra. 2 DNMR: COSY, NOESY and HETCOR
5. Mass Spectrometry : Introduction, ion production, fragmentation, factors influencing ion abundance, single and multiple bond cleavage, rearrangements, cleavage associated with common functional groups, molecular ion peak, metastable ion peak, Nitrogen rule and interpretation of mass spectra 6. Problems: Structure elucidation based on spectroscopic data.
CHM403 (O): Reagents and Organic Synthesis (Credits:3)
1. Reduction : (i) Complex metal hydride reductions: LiAlH4 and NaBH4; reduction of aldehydes and ketones, stereochemistry of ketone reduction, (ii) Reduction of conjugated systems: Birch reduction, (iii) Hydroboration (iv) Miscellaneous: Tributyltin hydride, Wilkinson’s catalyst, Wolf Kishner reduction, Arene sulfonyl hydrazine
2. Oxidation : (i) Oxidation with peracids: Oxidation of carbon-carbon double bonds (Sharpless epoxidation), carbonyl compounds, allylic carbon-hydrogen bonds, (ii) Oxidation with selenium dioxide and Osmium tetraoxide, (iii) Woodward and Prevost hydroxylation (iv) Oxidation with lead tetraacetate, mercuric acetate
3. Reagents and Reactions : (i) Gilman’s reagent – Lithium dimethylcuprate (ii) Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) (iii) Dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DDC) (iv) 1,3-Dithiane (Umpolung reagent) (v) Peterson’s synthesis(vi) Bakers yeast (vii) DDQ (viii) Heck reaction (ix) Suzuki coupling/Sonogashira (x) Mukaiyama reaction
4. Protecting groups: Hydroxy, carbonyl and amines
CHM404 (O): Heterocylces and Vitamins (Credits:3)
1. General Considerations: The Disconnection approach and Retrosynthesis in reference to the heterocylces.
2. The Chemistry of the following ring systems: Synthesis and reactions including some given aspects.
a. Three-membered rings --- Aziridines
b. Four-membered rings --- Azetidines and their 2-oxo derivatives
c. Condensed pyrroles ---- Indoles
d. Five-membered rings containing two heteroatoms:
(i) Oxazoles--- Reaction as dienes, Cornforth rearrangement, Reaction with singlet oxygen.
(ii) Isoxazoles--- Boulton–Katritzky rearrangement, photoisomerizations.
(iii) Pyrazoles --- Rearrangement to imidazoles
(iv) Imidazoles --- Acidity of C-2 hydrogen, Catalyst for ester hydrolysis
(v) Thiazoles- Thiazolium ylide as catalyst.
e. Six-membered rings- Pyrimidines- ANRORC mechanism in Nucleophilic substitution.
f. Purines- Structure and synthesis of Caffeine.
3. Vitamins: Structure determination including synthesis of
(i) Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
(ii) Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
(iii) Biotin (Vitamin H)
Physical Chemistry Specialization
CHM402 (P): Statistical Mechanics (Credits:3)
1. Review of Basic Statistical Mechanics: A Review of Thermodynamics. Phase space. Ensemble. Liouville theorem. Equal a priori probability. Microcanonical ensemble. Quantization of phase space. Entropy. Gibbs paradox. Entropy of a two level system. Canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Ideal gas in canonical and grand canonical ensembles.
2. Partition Function: Review of rotational, vibrational and translational partition functions. Application of partition functions to specific heat of solids and chemical equilibrium. Real gases.
3. Bose-Einstein distribution: Einstein condensation. Thermodynamic properties of ideal BE gas.
4. Fermi-Dirac distribution: Degenerate Fermi gas. Electron in metals. Magnetic susceptibility.
5. Fluctuations: Mean square deviation and fluctuation in ensembles. Concentration fluctuation in quantum statistics.
6. Non-equilibrium states: Boltzmann transport equation. Particle diffusion. Electrical conductivity
CHM403 (P): Solid State Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Solid State Reactions: General Principles, Experimental procedure, Co-precipitation as precursor to solid-state reactions, Kinetics of solid-state reactions, Crystallization of solutions, melts, glasses and gels. Growth of single crystals: Czochralski, Bridgman and Stockbarger methods. Zone Melting.
2. X-ray Diffraction & Crystal Structure: Diffraction of X-rays by crystals: The Laue equations and Bragg’s law, Definitions related to crystal structure, crystallographic direction and crystallographic phases.
X-ray diffraction experiments: The powder method and the single crystal method. Reciprocal lattice. Structure factor and its relation to intensity and Electron density. The phase problem. Description of procedure for an X-ray structure analysis
3. Phase Transitions: Thermodynamic and Burger’s classification of phase transition, Kinetics of phase transition- nucleation and growth, T-T-T diagrams, Factors influencing kinetics of phase transition, Martensitic and order-disorder transitions.
4. Electronic Properties and Band Theory: Electronic structure of solids- band theory, Refinement of simple band theory- k-space and Brillouin Zones, Band structure of metals, insulators and semiconductors, Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Doped semiconductors, p-n junctions. Superconductors Meissner effects, Basic concepts of BCH theory, Josephson devices.
5. Magnetic Properties: Classification of solid materials: Quantum theory of paramagnetics. Cooperative phenomena. Magnetic domains. Hysteresis.
CHM: 404(P): Chemical Kinetics (Credits:3)
1. Experimental Techniques for Fast Reaction: Flow techniques, relaxation methods, flash photolysis.
2. Transition State Theory: Application of statistical mechanics to transition state theory, Comparison of transition state theory with experimental results. Thermodynamic treatment of TST. Theories of unimolecular reactions--treatments of Lindmann, Hinshelwood, Rice-Ramsperger- Kassel (RRK), and Rice- Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM).
3. Reactions in Solution: Reaction between ions; Effect of solvent (single & double sphere models), interpretation of frequency factor and entropy of activation, influence of ionic strength, salt effect and reaction mechanisms, Reactions involving dipoles. Influence of pressure on reaction rates in solution. Significance of value of activation parameters. Influence of substituents on reaction rates Electronic theories of organic reactivity. Linear free energy relationships, The Hammett equation, significance of σ and ρ. The Taft equation.
4. Homogeneous Catalysis: General catalytic mechanism, Mechanism of acid-base catalysis (protolytic and prototropic). Bronsted catalytic law.
5. Molecular collisions: Intermolecular potential and centrifugal barrier, impact parameter, collision cross section and rate, energy threshold, opacity function and reaction cross-section.
Experimental probes of reactive collisions: IR Chemiluminescence, Laser-induced Fluorescence. PES: Features of potential energy surfaces (PES), Enhancement of reaction. Molecular Beams: Stripping and rebound mechanism.
Dynamics with Femtosecond laser techniques: Detection of activated complex.
CHM405: Projects (Credits : 5)
Elective Papers
Elective-II (Group-B)
CHM406: Environmental Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Introduction to Environmental Chemistry: Concept and scope of environmental chemistry, Environmental terminology and nomenclatures, Environmental segments, The natural cycles of environment (Hydrological, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Sulphur cycles).
2. Atmosphere: Regions of the atmosphere, Reactions in atmospheric chemistry, Earth’s radiation balance, Particles, ion and radicals in the atmosphere, stratospheric chemistry: The chemistry of ozone layer, The role of chemicals in ozone destruction, The green-house effect and Global warming, El-Nino phenomenon 3. Hydrosphere: Complexation in natural water and waste-water, Micro-organism in aquatic chemical reactions, Eutrophication, Re-cycle of waste-water in process industry, Treatment of sewage and reuse of water in industry and agriculture, Microbiology mediated redox reactions and Nitrogen transformation by bacteria.
4. Lithosphere: The terrestrial environment, Soil formations, Soil properties (physical/chemical), inorganic and organic components in soil, acid-base and ion-exchange reactions in soil, micro and macro nutrients, nitrogen pathways and NPK in soil, waste and pollutants in soil, waste classification and disposal.
5. Chemical Toxicology: Toxic chemicals in the environments, Impact of toxic chemicals on enzymes, Biochemical effects of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, carbon monooxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, ozone, PAN, cyanide, pesticides, insecticides and carcinogens
6. Air Pollution: Air pollutants (sources, classification, sampling and monitoring): Particulates, Aerosols, SOx, NOx, COx and hydrocarbon emission, Photochemical smog, Autoexhausts, Acidrains, Air-quality standards
7. Water Pollution: Water pollutants (sources, sampling and monitoring), Water-quality parameters and standards: physical and chemical parameters (colour, odour, taste and turbidity), Dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, Total organic carbon, Total nitrogen, Total sulfur, Total phosphorus and Chlorine, Chemical speciation
8. Environmental Management: Methods of environmental management, Radioactive waste management, Environmental impact assessment, Natural resources of energy-consumptions and conservation.
CHM407: Photo Inorganic Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Basic Principles: Photochemical laws – Franck-Condon principle, radiative lifetimes, quantum yields, Excimers and Exciplexes, Reactions of Excited States, Energy Transfer, Electron Transfer and Atom Transfer quenching rates and mechanisms
2. Photochemistry of Transition Metal Complexes: Photoreactions of complexes of Cr(III) and Co(III), photo-aquation, photo-substitution and photo-racemization Photochemistry of Ru(bpy)3 2+ and its application as photocatalyst for photsplitting of water, photo-oxidation of 2-propanol and photoreduction of carbondioxide, cyanide bridged triruthenium(II) bipy complexes as antenna. Photochemistry of diisocyanide bridged diimers of Rh(I). Applications of quenching and sensitization techniques in the identification of reactive state in oordination complexes
3. Photochemistry of Transition Metal Carbonyls and other organometallic compounds
4. Photochemistry of Europium, Cerium and Uranyl ions.
CHM408 Bio-Organic Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Emzymes and Mechanism of Enzyme Action: Classification, isolation and purification. Kinetics of enzyme action-Michaelis-Menten equation.Two substrate reactions. Enzyme inhibition. Mechanism of action of chymotrypsin , aldolase , alcohol dehydrogenase , lysozyme
2. Co-enzyme Chemistry: Cofactors as derived from vitamins, co-enzymes, prosthetic groups and apoenzymes. Structure and biological functions of coenzyme A , thiamine pyrophosphate , pyridoxal phosphate ,NAD+ , NADP+ , FMN , FAD , lipoic acid and vitamin-B12 . Mechanisms of reactions catalysed by the above cofactors
3. Nucleic Acids: Retrosynthetic analysis of Nucleic Acids- Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Nucleobases (A,T,G,C and U), Sugars (Ribose and deoxyribose). Assembly of oligonucleotide chain: Synthesis of polymer support, Nucleosides and Nucleotides, solid phase synthesis of Oligonucleotides (DNA/RNA) through phosphoramidite and phosphorothionate approach. Application of protecting groups (-NH2 and –OH functions, Base and Acid labile) and their deprotection and purification.Concept of depurination.
4. Biosynthesis: terpenoids - C5, C10, C15, C20 units; alkaloids- quinine and morpholine, steroids- cholesterol.
5. Molecular Recognition : Fullerenes : as host as well as guest , enzyme modeling using an artificial host frame work , cyclodextrins as esterase mimics , functionalized cyclodextrins ; chiral corands.Drug design(enzymes as targeted for drug design).
CHM409: Materials Chemistry (Credits:3)
1. Introduction: Materials and their classification, Role of Chemistry in Material design.
2. Synthesis and characterization of materials: Preparative techniques: Ceramic methods; chemical strategies, chemical vapour deposition; preparation of nanomaterials, Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Fabrication of ordered nanostructures. Composition and purity of materials.
3. High- Tc Oxide Superconductors: Structural features of cuprate superconductors. 1-2-3 and 2-1-4 cuprates; structure. Normal state properties: anisotropy and temperature dependence of electrical resistance. Superconducting state: heat capacity, coherence length, relation between Tc and hole concentration in cuprates; mechanism of superconductivity in cuprates. Applications of high Tc-cuprates
4. Organic Materials: Conducting organics - Metals from molecules, charge transfer materials and conducting polymers. Organic superconductors. Fullerenes. Molecular ferromagnets and ferroelectrics. Liquid crystals: mesomorphic behaviour, optical properties of liquid crystals, display devices.
5. Non-linear materials: Second and third order non-linear effects; molecular rectifiers and frequency doublers; unimolecular electronic devices. Photochromic materials; optical datastorage, memory and switches.
CHM410: Laboratory work for Computer Applications in Chemistry (Common to all branches) (Credits:2)
Computer programming based on FORTRAN-77 and Numerical methods as per the details of the paper
CHM – 401 (Computer Applications in Chemistry). Exposure to available standard application packages like: Chemdraw, generation of graphs, data sheets creation, and tables using Excel Programme.
Index Post Graduate Course Syllabus: Click Here