MATHEMATICS
(CODE NO. 041)

The Syllabus in the subject of Mathematics has undergone changes from time to time in accordance with
growth of the subject and emerging needs of the society. The present revised syllabus has been designed in accordance
with National Curriculum Framework 2005 and as per guidelines given in Focus Group on Teaching of Mathematics
which is to meet the emerging needs of all categories of students. Motivating the topics from real life problems and
other subject areas, greater emphasis has been laid on applications of various concepts.
The curriculum at Secondary stage primarily aims at enhancing the capacity of students to employ Mathematics
in solving day-to-day life problems and studying the subject as a separate discipline. It is expected that students should
acquire the ability to solve problems using algebraic methods and apply the knowledge of simple trigonometry to solve
problems of heights and distances. Carrying out experiments with numbers and forms of geometry, framing hypothesis
and verifying these with further observations form inherent part of Mathematics learning at this stage. The proposed
curriculum includes the study of number system, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, mensuration, statistics, graphs and
coordinate geometry etc.
The teaching of Mathematics should be imparted through activities which may involve the use of concrete
materials, models, patterns, charts, pictures posters, games, puzzles and experiments.
OBJECTIVES
The broad objectives of teaching of Mathematics at secondary stage are to help the learners to:
consolidate the Mathematical knowledge and skills acquired at the upper primary stage;
acquire knowledge and understanding, particularly by way of motivation and visualization, of basic concepts,
terms, principles and symbols and underlying processes and skills.
develop mastery of basic algebraic skills;
develop drawing skills;
feel the flow of reasons while proving a result or solving a problem.
apply the knowledge and skills acquired to solve problems and wherever possible, by more than one
method.
to develop positive ability to think, analyze and articulate logically;
to develop awareness of the need for national integration, protection of environment, observance of small
family norms, removal of social barriers, elimination of sex biases;
to develop necessary skills to work with modern technological devices such as calculators, computers
etc;

to develop interest in Mathematics as a problem-solving tool in various fields for its beautiful structures
and patterns, etc;
to develop reverence and respect towards great Mathematicians for their contributions to the field of
Mathematics.
to develope interest in the subject by participating in related competitions.
to acquaint students with different aspects of mathematics used in daily life.
to develop an interest in students to study mathematics as a discipline.

Course Structure
Class IX
One Paper                  Time : 3 Hours                      Marks : 80

 

UNITS	MARKS
I. NUMBER SYSTEMS	06
II. ALGEBRA	20
III. COORDINATE GEOMETRY	06
IV. GEOMETRY	22
V. MENSURATION	14
VI. STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY	22
TOTAL	80

 UNIT I : NUMBER SYSTEMS
1. REAL NUMBERS                                                               (20) Periods
Review of representation of natural numbers, integers, rational numbers on the number line. Representation
of terminating / non-terminating recurring decimals, on the number line through successive magnification.
Rational numbers as recurring/terminating decimals.
Examples of nonrecurring / non terminating decimals such as √2, √3, √5 etc. Existence of non-rational

numbers (irrational numbers) such as √2, √3 and their representation on the number line. Explaining that
every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line and conversely, every point on the
number line represents a unique real number.
Existence of √x for a given positive real number x (visual proof to be emphasized).
Definition of nth root of a real number.
Recall of laws of exponents with integral powers. Rational exponents with positive real bases (to be done by
particular cases, allowing learner to arrive at the general laws.)
Rationalization (with precise meaning) of real numbers of the type (& their combinations)
___1___   &    __1___
a + b√x          √x + √y

where x and y are natural number and a, b are integers.

UNIT II : ALGEBRA
1. POLYNOMIALS                                                                    (25) Periods
Definition of a polynomial in one variable, its coefficients, with examples and counter examples, its terms,
zero polynomial. Degree of a polynomial. Constant, linear, quadratic, cubic polynomials; monomials, binomials,
trinomials. Factors and multiples. Zeros/roots of a polynomial / equation. State and motivate the Remainder
Theorem with examples and analogy to integers. Statement and proof of the Factor Theorem. Factorization
of ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 where a, b, c are real numbers, and of cubic polynomials using the Factor Theorem.
Recall of algebraic expressions and identities. Further identities of the type (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy
+ 2yz + 2zx, (x ± y)3 = x3 ± y3 ± 3xy (x ± y).
x3 + y3 + z3 — 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 — xy — yz — zx) and their use in factorization of
polymonials. Simple expressions reducible to these polynomials.
2. LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES                              (12) Periods
Recall of linear equations in one variable. Introduction to the equation in two variables. Prove that a linear
equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions and justify their being written as ordered pairs of real
numbers, plotting them and showing that they seem to lie on a line. Examples, problems from real life,
including problems on Ratio and Proportion and with algebraic and graphical solutions being done
simultaneously.
UNIT III : COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1. COORDINATE GEOMETRY                                                        (9) Periods
The Cartesian plane, coordinates of a point, names and terms associated with the coordinate plane, notations,
plotting points in the plane, graph of linear equations as examples; focus on linear equations of the type

ax + by + c = 0 by writing it as y = mx + c and linking with the chapter on linear equations in two variables.
UNIT IV : GEOMETRY
1. INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID'S GEOMETRY                                (6) Periods
History - Euclid and geometry in India. Euclid's method of formalizing observed phenomenon into rigorous
mathematics with definitions, common/obvious notions, axioms/postulates and theorems. The five postulates
of Euclid. Equivalent versions of the fifth postulate. Showing the relationship between axiom and theorem.
1. Given two distinct points, there exists one and only one line through them.
2. (Prove) two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common.
2. LINES AND ANGLES                                                                    (10) Periods
1. (Motivate) If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the two adjacent angles so formed is 180o and the
converse.
2. (Prove) If two lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles are equal.
3. (Motivate) Results on corresponding angles, alternate angles, interior angles when a transversal intersects
two parallel lines.
4. (Motivate) Lines, which are parallel to a given line, are parallel.
5. (Prove) The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180o.
6. (Motivate) If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two
interiors opposite angles.
3. TRIANGLES                                                                             (20) Periods
1. (Motivate) Two triangles are congruent if any two sides and the included angle of one triangle is equal
to any two sides and the included angle of the other triangle (SAS Congruence).
2. (Prove) Two triangles are congruent if any two angles and the included side of one triangle is equal to
any two angles and the included side of the other triangle (ASA Congruence).
3. (Motivate) Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of the
other triangle (SSS Congruene).
4. (Motivate) Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a side of one triangle are equal
(respectively) to the hypotenuse and a side of the other triangle.
5. (Prove) The angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.
6. (Motivate) The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.
7. (Motivate) Triangle inequalities and relation between 'angle and facing side' inequalities in triangles.

4. QUADRILATERALS                                                               (10) Periods
1. (Prove) The diagonal divides a parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
2. (Motivate) In a parallelogram opposite sides are equal, and conversely.
3. (Motivate) In a parallelogram opposite angles are equal, and conversely.
4. (Motivate) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of its opposite sides is parallel and equal.
5. (Motivate) In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other and conversely.
6. (Motivate) In a triangle, the line segment joining the mid points of any two sides is parallel to the third
side and (motivate) its converse.
5. AREA                                                                                   (4) Periods
Review concept of area, recall area of a rectangle.
1. (Prove) Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels have the same area.
2. (Motivate) Triangles on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area and its converse.
6. CIRCLES                                                                             (15) Periods
Through examples, arrive at definitions of circle related concepts, radius, circumference, diameter, chord,
arc, subtended angle.
1. (Prove) Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the center and (motivate) its converse.
2. (Motivate) The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a chord bisects the chord and conversely,
the line drawn through the center of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
3. (Motivate) There is one and only one circle passing through three given non-collinear points.
4. (Motivate) Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the center(s) and
conversely.
5. (Prove) The angle subtended by an arc at the center is double the angle subtended by it at any point on
the remaining part of the circle.
6. (Motivate) Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
7. (Motivate) If a line segment joining two points subtendes equal angle at two other points lying on the
same side of the line containing the segment, the four points lie on a circle.
8. (Motivate) The sum of the either pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180o and its
converse
7. CONSTRUCTIONS                                                                (10) Periods
1. Construction of bisectors of line segments & angles, 60 degree, 90o, 45o angles etc., equilateral triangles.

2. Construction of a triangle given its base, sum/difference of the other two sides and one base angle.
3. Construction of a triangle of given perimeter and base angles.
UNIT V : MENSURATION
1. AREAS                                                                               (4) Periods
Area of a triangle using Hero's formula (without proof) and its application in finding the area of a quadrilateral.
2. SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES                                       (10) Periods
Surface areas and volumes of cubes, cuboids, spheres (including hemispheres) and right circular cylinders/
cones.
UNIT VI : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
1. STATISTICS                                                                       (13) Periods
Introduction to Statistics : Collection of data, presentation of data — tabular form, ungrouped / grouped,
bar graphs, histograms (with varying base lengths), frequency polygons, qualitative analysis of data to choose
the correct form of presentation for the collected data. Mean, median, mode of ungrouped data.
2. PROBABILITY                                                                   (12) Periods
History, Repeated experiments and observed frequency approach to probability. Focus is on empirical
probability. (A large amount of time to be devoted to group and to individual activities to motivate the
concept; the experiments to be drawn from real - life situations, and from examples used in the chapter on
statistics).
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT                                     20 Marks
Evaluation of activities                                      10 Marks
Project Work                                                      05 Marks
Continuous Evaluation                                       05 Marks

 

SCIENCE
(Code No. 086 / 090)

The subject of Science plays an important role in developing in children well-defined abilities in cognitive,
affective and psychomotor domains. It augments the spirit of enquiry, creativity, objectivity and asthetic sensibility.
Whereas the upper primary stage demands that plentiful opportunities should be provided to the students to
engage them with the processes of science like observing, recording observations, drawing, tabulation, plotting
graphs etc., the secondary stage expects abstraction and quantitative reasoning to occupy a more central place in the
teaching and learning of Science. Thus, the idea of atoms and molecules being the building blocks of matter makes
its appearance, as does Newton's law of Gravitation.
The present syllabus has been designed around six broad themes viz. Food, Materials, the world of the
living, how things work, moving things, people and ideas, natural phenomenon and natural reasources. Special care
has been taken to avoid temptation of adding too many concepts than can be comfortably learnt in the given time
frame. No attempt has been made to be comprehensive.
At this stage, while science is still a common subject, the disciplines of Physics, Chemistry and Biology
begin to emerge. The students should be exposed to experiences as well as modes of reasoning that are typical of the
subject.
COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS IX (THEORY)
One Paper Time : 2½ hours. Marks : 60

Unit	Marks
I. Food	05
II. Matter - Its nature and behaviour	15
III. Organisation in living world	13
IV. Motion, Force and Work	20
V. Our Environment	07
Total	60

Theme : Food                                                            (10 Periods)
Unit 1 : Food
Plant and animal breeding and selection for quality improvement and management ; use of fertilizers, manures;
protection from pests and diseases; organic farming.

Theme : Materials                                                      (50 Periods)
Unit 2 : Matter - Nature and behaviour
Definition of matter; solid, liquid and gas; characteristics - shape, volume, density; change of state-melting
(absorption of heat), freezing, evaporation (Cooling by evaporation), condensation, sublimation.
Nature of matter : Elements, compounds and mixtures. Heterogenous and homogenous mixtures, colloids and
suspensions.
Particle nature, basic units : atoms and molecules. Law of constant proportions. Atomic and molecular masses.
Mole Concept : Relationship of mole to mass of the particles and numbers. Valency. Chemical formula of common
compounds.
Structure of atom : Electrons, protons and neutrons; Isotopes and isobars.
Theme : The World of the living                                (45 Periods)
Unit 3 : Organization in the living world.
Biological Diversity : Diversity of plants and animals - basic issues in scientific naming, basis of classification.
Hierarchy of categories / groups, Major groups of plants (salient features) (Bacteria, Thalophyta, Bryo phyta,
Pteridophyta, gymnosperms and Angiosperms). Major groups of animals (salient features) (Non-chordates upto
phyla and chordates upto classes).
Cell - Basic Unit of life : Cell as a basic unit of life; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms; cell
membrane and cell wall, cell organelles; chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuoles, ER, golgi apparatus; nucleus,
chromosomes - basic structure, number.
Tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
Structure and functions of animal and plant tissues (four types in animals; merismatic and permanent tissues in
plants).
Health and diseases : Health and its failure. Infectious and Non-infectious diseases, their causes and manifestation.
Diseases caused by microbes (Virus, Bacteria and protozoans) and their prevention, Principles of treatment and
prevention. Pulse polio programmes.
Theme : Moving things, people and ideas                   (60 Periods)
Unit 4 : Motion, Force and Work
Motion : Distance and displacement, velocity; uniform and non-uniform motion along a straight line; acceleration,
distance-time and velocity-time graphs for uniform and uniformly accelerated motion, equations of motion by graphical
method; elementary idea of uniform circular motion.
Force and Newton's laws : Force and motion, Newton's laws of motion, inertia of a body, inertia and mass,
momentum, force and acceleration. Elementary idea of conservation of momentum, action and reaction forces.

Gravitation : Gravitation; universal law of gravitation, force of gravitation of the earth (gravity), acceleration due to
gravity; mass and weight; free fall.
Work, Energy and Power : Work done by a force, energy, power; kinetic and potential energy; law of conservation
of energy.
Floatation : Thrust and pressure. Archimedes' principle, buoyancy, elementary idea of relative density.
Work, Energy and Power : Work done by a force, energy, power; kinetic and potential energy; law of conservation
of energy.
Sound : Nature of sound and its propagation in various media, speed of sound, range of hearing in humans; ultrasound;
reflection of sound; echo and SONAR.
Structure of the human ear (auditory aspect only).
Theme : Natural Resources                                        (15 Periods)
Unit 5 : Our Environment
Physical resources : Air, Water, Soil.
Air for respiration, for combustion, for moderating temperatures, movements of air and its role in bringing rains
across India.
Air, water and soil pollution ( brief introduction). Holes in ozone layer and the probable damages.
Bio-geo chemical cycles in nature : water, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen

PRACTICALS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Marks : 40 (20 + 20)
1. To prepare
a) a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum
b) a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water
c) a colloidal of starch in water and egg albumin in water and distinguish between these on the basis of
i) transparency
ii) filtration criterion
iii) stability

2. To prepare
a) a mixture
b) a compound
using iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguish between these on the basis of :
i) appearance i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity
ii) behaviour towards a magnet
iii) behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvant.
iv) effect of heat.
3. To carry out the following chemical reactions and record observations. Also identify the type of reaction
involved in each case.
i) Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.
ii) Burning of Magnesium in air.
iii) Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid
iv) Heating of Lead Nitrate
v) Sodium sulphate with Barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water.
4. To verify laws of reflection of sound.
5. To determine the density of solid (denser than water) by using a spring balance and a measuring cylinder.
6. To establish the relation between the loss in weight of a solid when fully immersed in
i) tap water
ii) strongly salty water, with the weight of water displaced by it by taking at least two different solids.
7. To measure the temperature of hot water as it cools and plot a temperature-time graph.
8. To determine the velocity of a pulse propagated through a stretched string/slinky.
9. To prepare stained temporary mounts of (a) onion peel and (b) human cheek cells and to record observations
and draw their labeled diagrams.
10. To identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants, striped muscle fibers and nerve cells in animals,
from prepared slides and to draw their labeled diagrams.
11. To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride (or camphor) by
sublimation.
12. To determine the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water.

13. To test (a) the presence of starch in the given food sample (b) the presence of the adulterant metanil yellow in
dal.
14. To study the characteristic of spirogyra/Agaricus, Moss/Fern, Pinus ( either with male or female conre) and an
Angiospermic plant. Draw and give two identifying features of groups they belong to.
15. To observe and draw the given specimens—earthworm, cockroach, bony fish and bird. For each specimen
record
(a) one specific feature of its phylum
(b) one adaptive feature with reference to its habitat.
SCHEME OF EVALUATION
Multiple choice type question written test (School based) : 20 Marks
Hands-on practicals examination (school based) : 20 Marks

 

SOCIAL SCIENCE
(CODE NO. 087)

RATIONALE
Social Sciences is a compulsory subject upto secondary stage of school education. It is an integral component of
general education because it helps the learners in understanding the environment in its totality and developing a broader
perspective and an empirical, reasonable and humane outlook. This is of crucial importance because it helps them
grow into well-informed and responsible citizens with necessary attributes and skills for being able to participate and
contribute effectively in the process of development and nation-building.
The social sciences curriculum draws its content mainly from geography, history, civics and economics. Some elements
of sociology and commerce are also included. Together they provide a comprehensive view of society-over space and
time, and in relation to each other. Each subject’s distinct methods of enquiry help the learners study society from
different angles and form a holistic view.
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this syllabus are :
to develop an understanding of the processes of change and development-both in terms of time and space, through
which human societies have evolved.
to make learners realise that the process of change is continuous and any event or phenomenon or issue cannot be
viewed in isolation but in a wider context of time and space.
to develop an understanding of contemporary India with its historical perspective, of the basic framework of the
goals and policies of national development in independent India, and of the process of change with appropriate
connections to world development.
to deepen knowledge about and understanding of India’s freedom struggle and of the values and ideals that it
represented, and to develop an appreciation of the contributions made by people of all sections and regions of the
country.
to help learners understand and cherish the values enshrined in the Indian Constitution and to prepare them for their
roles and responsibilities as effective citizens of a democratic society.
to deepen the knowledge and understanding of India’s environment in its totality, their interactive processes and
effects on the future quality of people's lives
to facilitate the learners to understand and appreciate the diversity in the land and people of the country with its
underlying unity.
to develop an appreciation of the richness and variety of India’s heritage-both natural and cultural and the need for
its preservation.
to promote an understanding of the issues and challenges of contemporary India-environmental, economic and
social, as part of the development process.
to help pupils acquire knowledge, skills and understanding to face the challenges of contemporary society as
individuals and groups and learn the art of living a confident and stress-free life as well as participating effectively
in the community
to develop scientific temper by promoting the spirit of enquiry and following a rational and objective approach in
analysing and evaluating data and information as well as views and interpretations
to develop academic and social skills such as critical thinking, communicating effectively both in visual and verbal
forms- cooperating with others, taking initiatives and providing leadership in solving others', problems
to develop qualities clustered around the personal, social, moral, national and spiritual values that make a person
humane and socially effective.

                                                 CLASS IX
Time : 3 Hrs.                                                            Marks : 80 + 20

	Marks	Periods
Unit 1 : India and the Contemporary World	18	40
Unit 2 : India -Land and the People	20	45
Unit 3 : Democratic Politics	18	40
Unit 4 : Understanding Economics	16	40
Unit 5 : Disaster Management	8	25
Internal Assessment
1. Tests (Formative and Summative)	10
2. Assignments (School & Home)	05
3. Project Work	05

                                            Class IX
Unit 1 : India and the Contemporary World - I 40 Periods

Themes

Objectives

Any two themes from each of the first two sub-units and one from the third could be studied. Sub-unit 1.1 : Events and processes. In this unit the focus is on three events and processes that have in major ways shaped the identity of the modern world. Each represents a different form of politics, and a specific combination of forces. One event is linked to the growth of liberalism and democracy, one with socialism, and one with a negation of both democracy and socialism. 1. French revolution : (a) The Ancient Regime and its crises. (b) The social forces that led to the revolution. (c) The different revolutionary groups and ideas of the time. (d) The legacy. 2. Russian Revolution. (a) The crises of Tzarism. (b) The nature of social movements between 1905 and 1917. (c) The First World War and foundation of Soviet state. (d) The legacy. 3. Rise of Nazism. (a) The growth of social democracy (b) The crises in Germany. (b) The basis of Hitler's rise to power. (c) The ideology of Nazism. (d) The impact of Nazism. Sub-unit 1.2 : Economies and Livelihoods The themes in this section will focus on how different social groups grapple with the changes in the contemporary world and how these changes affect their lives. 4. Pastoralists in the modern world. (a) Pastoralism as a way of life. (b) Different forms of pastoralism. (c) What happens to pastoralism under colonialism and modern states? Case studies : focus on two pastoral groups, one from Africa and one from India. 5. Forest society and colonialism : (a) Relationship between forests and livelihoods. (b) Changes in forest societies under colonialism. Case studies : focus on two forest movements one in colonial India (Bastar) and one in Indonesia. 6. Farmers and peasants : (a) Histories of the emergence of different forms of farming and peasant societies. (b) Changes within rural economies in the modern world. Case studies : focus on contrasting forms of rural change and different forms of rural societies (expansion of large-scale wheat and cotton farming in USA, rural economy and the Agricultural Revolution in England, and small peasant production in colonial India) Sub-unit 1.3 : Culture, Identity and Society The themes in this unit will consider how issues of culture are linked up to the making of contemporary world. 7. Sports and politics : The story of cricket (a) The emergence of cricket as an English sport. (b) Cricket and colonialism. (c) Cricket nationalism and de-colonialization. 8. Clothes and cultures. (a) A short history of changes in clothing. (b) Debates over clothing in colonial India. (c) Swadeshi and the movement for Khadi. Sub-unit 1.4 : Map Work. (2 Marks).

In each of the themes in this unit students would be made familiar with extracts of speeches, political declarations, as well as the politics of caricatures, posters and engravings. Students would learn how to interpret these kinds of historical evidences. Familiarize students with the names of people involved, the different types of ideas that inspired the revolution, the wider forces that shaped it. Show how written, oral and visual material can be used to recover the history of revolutions. Explore the history of socialism through a study of the Russian revolution. Familiarize students with the names of people involved, the different types of ideas that inspired the revolution. Discuss the critical significance of Nazism in shaping the politics of modern world. Familiarize students with the speeches and writings of Nazi leaders. Consider what happens to pastoralists and pastoralism in the modern world, with the formation of modern states, marking of boundaries, processes of sedentarization, contraction of pastures, and expansion of markets. Point to the varying patterns of developments within pastoral societies in different places. Look at the impact of colonialism on forest societies, and the implication of scientific forestry. Discuss the social and cultural world of forest communities through the study of specific revolts. Understand how oral traditions can be used to explore tribal revolts. Show the different processes through which agrarian transformation may occur in the modern world. Understand how agricultural systems in India are different from that in other countries. Familiarize students with the idea that large scale farming, small scale production, shifting agriculture operate on different principles and have different histories. Suggest how sports also have a history and that it is linked up with the politics of power and domination. Introduce students to some of the stories in cricket that have historical significance. Show how clothing has a history, and how it is linked to questions of cultural identity. Discuss how clothing has been the focus of intense social battles.

 

Unit 2 : India - Land and the People                                   45 Periods

Themes

Objectives

1. India : location, relief, structure, major physiographic units. 2. Climate : factors influencing the climate; monsoon- its characteristics, rainfall and temperature distribution; seasons; climate and human life. 3. Drainage : major rivers and tributaries, lakes and seas, role of rivers in the economy, pollution of rivers, measures to control river pollution. 4. Natural Vegetation : vegetation types, distribution as well as altitudinal variation, need for conservation and various measures. 5. Wildlife : major species, their distribution, need for conservation and various measures. 6. Population : size, distribution, age-sex composition, population change-migration as a determinant of population change, literacy, health, occupational structure and national population policy : adolescents as under-served population group with special needs. 7. Map Work (4 marks).

To understand the major landform features and the underlying geological structure; their association with various rocks and minerals as well as nature of soil types To identify the various factors influencing the climate and explain the climatic variaton of our country and its impact on the life of the people. Tor explain the importance and unifying role of monsoons; To understand the river systems of the country and explain the role of rivers in the evolution of human society. To find out the nature of diverse flora and fauna as well as their distribution; To develop concern about the need to protect the bio-diversity of our country; To analyse the uneven nature of population distribution and show concern about the large size of our population; To understand the various occupations of people and explain various factors of population change; To explain various dimension of national policy and understand the needs of adolescents as underserved group.

 

Project/Activity
Learners may identify songs, dances, festivals and special food preparations associated with certain seasons
in their particular region, and whether they have some commonality with other regions of India.
Collection of material by learners on the flora and fauna of the region in which their school is situated. It
should include a list of endangered species of the region and also information regarding efforts being made to save
them.
Posters
River pollution
Depletion of forests and ecological imbalance.
Unit - 3 : Democratic Politics I                                             40 Periods

Themes

Learning Objectives

1. What is democracy? Why democracy? What are the different ways of defining democracy? Why has democracy become the most prevalent form of government in our times? What are the alternatives to democracy? Is democracy superior to its available alternatives? Must every democracy have the same institutions and values? 2. Designing of Democracy in India How and why did India become a democracy? How was the Indian constitution framed? What are the salient features of the Constitution? How is democracy being constantly designed and redesigned in India? 3. Electoral politics in democracy Why and how do we elect representatives? Why do we have a system of competition among political parties? How has the citizens’ participation in electoral politics changed? What are the ways to ensure free and fair elections? 4. Institutions of parliamentary democracy How is the country governed? What does Parliament do in our democracy? What is the role of the President of India, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers? How do these relate to one another? 5. Citizens’ rights in democracy Why do we need rights in a constitution? What are the Fundamental Rights enjoyed by the citizen under the Indian constitution? How does the judiciary protect the Fundamental Rights of the citizen? How is the independence of the judiciary ensured?

Develop conceptual skills of defining democracy Understand how different historical processes and forces have promoted democracy. Developing a sophisticated defence of democracy against common prejudices Develop a historical sense of the choice and nature of democracy in India. Introduction to the process of Constitution making Develop respect for the Constitution and appreciation for Constitutional values Recognise that constitution is a living document that undergoes changes. Introduce the idea of representative democracy via competitive party politics Familiarise with our electoral system and reasons for choosing this Develop an appreciation of citizen’s increased participation in electoral politics Recognise the significance of the Election Commission Provide an overview of central governmental structures Sensitise to the key role of the Parliament and its procedures Distinguish between nominal and real executive authorities and functions Understand the parliamentary system of executive’s accountability to the legislature Develop a citizens’ awareness of their rights Introduction to and appreciation of the Fundamental Rights Recognition of the ways in which these rights are exercised and denied in real life situations. Introduction to judicial system and key institutions like the Supreme Court, High Courts and National Human Rights Commission.

Unit - 4 : Understanding Economics – I                                   40 Periods

Themes

Objectives

1. The economic story of Palampore: Economic transactions of Palampore and its interaction with the rest of the world through which the concept of production (including three factors of production (land, labour and capital) can be introduced. 2. People as Resource : Introduction of how people become resource / asset; economic activities done by men and women; unpaid work done by women; quality of human resource ; role of health and education; unemployment as a form of nonutilisation of human resource; sociopolitical implication in simple form 3. Poverty as a challenge facing India : Who is poor (through two case studies one rural one urban); indicators; absolute poverty (not as a concept but through a few simple examples) - why people are poor ; unequal distribution of resources; comparison between countries; steps taken by government for poverty alleviation 4. Food Security : Source of foodgrains- variety across the nation - famines in the past - the need for self sufficiency - role of government in food security - procurement of foodgrains - overflowing of granaries and people without food - public distribution system - role of cooperatives in food security (foodgrains, milk and vegetables ration shops, cooperative shops, two-three examples as case studies)

Familiarising the children with some basic economic concepts through an imaginary story of a village     Familiarisation of a few population related concepts and sensitization of child that people as asset can participate and contribute in nation building       Understanding of poverty as a challenge and sensitization of the learner; Appreciation of the government initiative to alleviate poverty     Exposing the child to an economic issue which is basic necessities of life; Appreciate and critically look at the role of government in ensuring food supply

Suggested Activities / Instructions :
Theme 1 : Give more examples of activities done by different workers and farmers.
Numerical problems can also be included.
Some of the ways through which description of villages are available in the writings of Prem Chand, MN Srinivas
and RK Narayan. They may have to be referred.

Theme II : Discuss the impact of unemployment
Debate on whether all the activities done by women should be included or not. Why?
Is begging an economic activity? Discuss.
Is it necessary to reduce population growth or family size? Discuss.
Theme IV : Visit a few farms in a village and collect the details of foodgrains cultivated;
Visit a nearby ration shop and collect the details of goods available;
Visit a regulated market yard and observe how goods are transacted and get the details of the places where the
goods come and go.
Unit - 5 : Disaster Management                                                  25 Periods
1. Man made disasters - Nuclear, Biological and Chemical.
2. Common Hazards - Prevention and Mitigation
3. Community Based Disaster Management.
PRESCRIBED TEXTBOOKS :
1. India and the Contemporary World History - Published by NCERT
2. Contemparary India - Geography - Published by NCERT
3. Democratic Politics - Published by NCERT
4. Economics - Published by NCERT
5. Together, Towards a Safer India - Part II, a textbook on Disaster Management for class IX - Published by
CBSE